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In Situ Analysis across Broad Temporal and Spatial Scales Processes for carbon capture typically operate under extreme conditions of elevated temperatures, pressure gradients, and high volumetric flow rates of complex gas or liquid mixtures; and they often occur in the presence of mechanical stress, impurities, and debris. The thermodynamics and kinetics of capture processes under these conditions are very different from typical laboratory environments. To develop fundamentally new processes, or even to improve the efficiency and reliability of existing processes, necessitates characterizing material behavior and chemical processes in situ under these extremely challenging conditions. Although there are techniques today that characterize materials in situ, they are quite limited in scope and in applicability to the study of carbon capture processes. It is critical to develop new analytical techniques that will allow researchers to examine the structure and properties of materials in situ and examine the dynamics of molecular interactions involved in both capture and release (regeneration) for a broad range of processes, including physisorption and chemisorption. Accurate information on structural and dynamic properties in situ is critical to enable materials by design for breakthrough improvements in key transport, reaction, and thermodynamic properties under actual conditions of operation. New analysis tools are required for studying structural and dynamic properties of materials under a wide range of pressure, temperature, and other conditions. Such studies may include, for example, varying pressure–temperature conditions with the material in contact with fluids, in the presence of reactive or corrosive gases, and over many cycles (aging). This capability will also be critical as we explore the potential for separations under conditions other than pressure and temperature, as outlined throughout this report. The ability to study materials under realistic pressure, temperature, and other operational conditions will impact not only carbon capture but also other broad areas of energy research, including catalysis, fuel cell energy conversion, and energy-efficient materials synthesis. To realize this potential, characterization techniques must be developed that can be applied in situ over the relevant span of time and spatial scales. The structural and dynamic properties of gas capture materials (including solid sorbents, membranes, and complex fluids) determine the key thermodynamic and kinetic properties necessary for proper performance. The gap between model systems and realistic conditions can be bridged by in situ experiments. Some advanced materials characterization methods are particularly suited to in situ experiments, for example, hard x-rays and neutron beams that can penetrate bulk materials. However, even for these relatively established techniques, new capabilities are necessary to bring them to bear on the carbon capture problem, including the development of new sources and instruments to achieve adequate spatial and temporal resolution. And in many cases there is a lack of adequate sample environments that accurately simulate actual capture conditions. Thus new concepts are needed to develop realistic environmental sample chambers for use with a broad range of characterization tools. It may even be possible to devise novel nanoscale probes (i.e., nano “Mars Rovers”) with self-contained measuring capabilities that could be fully immersed in the environment to provide the ultimate in in situ characterization. 88PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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