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CONCLUSION The scientific basis for our understanding of the impacts of increased atmospheric CO2 on the climate and the environment has developed dramatically since 1896, when Svante Arrhenius published a paper entitled, “On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground.”1 We now understand at a deep level how increased atmospheric CO2 influences the radiative fluxes that influence the surface temperature of our planet, and our understanding of the feedback mechanisms and fingerprints associated with CO2-driven climate change continues to grow into a definitive body of evidence. Since the time of Arrhenius, the mass of CO2 released to the environment annually has increased to more than 30 Gt (30 billion tonne) and the impacts of these emissions to the global environment are well documented. Yet the problem continues to increase annually, with CO2 emissions expected to grow by 40% by 2035 as the populations in countries with growing economies increase and the demand for energy continues to rely on combustion of carbon-based fuels for industry, transportation, and residential use. Even with the development of renewable energy sources and expanded use of nuclear energy, the world’s demand for electric energy will still be dependent on carbon-based fuels for the near future. Today’s demand of 20 trillion kWh of electricity is projected to increase to over 35 trillion kWh by 2035, while the portion coming from combustion processes is projected to decrease only2by about 10% as new renewable and nuclear power generation capabilities come on line. To decrease CO2 emissions in the future will clearly require even more substitution of non-carbon-based sources of electricity; however, for the foreseeable future, the efficient capture of CO2 is a necessary part of the solution to the carbon emission problem. The magnitude of this challenge is daunting. A typical 550 MW coal-fired electrical plant produces about 2 million ft3 of flue gas per minute, containing a mixture of CO2, H2O, N2, O2, NOx, SOx, and ash. However, the CO2 is present at very low concentrations (<15%) after conventional combustion, requiring very effective separation processes. Precombustion strategies, in which coal is gasified prior to combustion, can be used to increase the concentration of CO2 in the flue gas to about 40%. An especially promising strategy is to use oxycombustion, whereby purified oxygen (separated from air) is used in the combustion process, and the concentration of CO2 is increased to over 60% in the resulting emission. Today, the cost of capturing CO2 is high, adding an estimated 30% or more to the cost of electricity depending upon the process employed.3 Much energy is spent on releasing and regenerating the capture media in the case of solid adsorbents and liquid absorbents, or on maintaining pressure/temperature drops to drive membrane-based separations. Moreover, while current technologies are relatively efficient overall, it is difficult to scale them to the levels required at a large electrical generation facility. Thus new carbon capture strategies are critically needed for the efficient, cost-effective reduction of CO2 emissions. The workshop “Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020” was sponsored by the DOE Offices of Basic Energy Sciences and Fossil Energy with the goal of assessing the current state of the art in carbon capture technologies and projecting fundamental research needed to meet future needs in carbon capture. This workshop followed a previous workshop, “Carbon Capture 115PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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