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2020,” which focused on near-term strategies for carbon capture improvements (http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/09/CC2020/pdfs/Richards_Summary.pdf. Before “Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020,” an in-depth assessment of technologies for carbon capture was conducted, and a factual document, Technology and Applied R&D Needs for Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020, was prepared to identify technical bottlenecks that need to be addressed by basic research (see Appendix A). As a result, the workshop considered the separation processes needed for three CO2 emission reduction strategies—postcombustion, precombustion, and oxycombustion—and assessed three primary separation technologies based on liquid absorption, membranes, and solid adsorption. Although precombustion and oxycombustion methods are less challenging from the perspective of capturing CO2, they require the construction of new plants or retrofitting of existing plants, respectively. Postcombustion capture may use decades-old technology, but it remains far from meeting the huge demands for reduction of carbon emissions. This goal of this workshop was to think beyond current technologies, to address the identified technical bottlenecks from a different perspective—one from which entirely new concepts for separation technologies could be based in 2020 and beyond. In addressing these issues, the workshop attendees realized that the technical challenges facing next-generation carbon capture processes are immense. However, they also noted that the recent advances in nanoscience, characterization tools, and computational tools provide an unprecedented opportunity to understand the chemical and physical processes involved in gas separations at the atomic and molecular levels. Understanding the fundamental principles of these processes was identified as a critical requirement for designing new materials and chemical processes upon which revolutionary separation processes could be based. This knowledge can be obtained only through fundamental research and could lead to a new generation of efficient and cost-effective separation processes. For example, one could even envision tailored materials that could manipulate molecular species and even respond to external stimuli to minimize the total energy needed for effective capture and release. This report summarizes the technical challenges identified at the workshop and outlines a number of Priority Research Directions (PRDs) that would address current technical bottlenecks in carbon capture technologies. These high-level PRDs are meant to inspire researchers as they formulate research strategies to develop new materials and chemical processes for carbon capture. One major theme of the workshop was centered on understanding the interaction of the targeted species with the separation media. These interactions can be weak or strong, but they need to be understood and controlled at the nanoscale to allow efficient uptake, transport, and release. They occur on surfaces (e.g., particles), at interfaces, or in confined spaces (e.g., pores) and can be hugely affected by surface functionalities and local environments. Compounding the challenge of understanding these atomic and molecular interactions is the fact that the processes occur far from equilibrium and under extreme conditions. Fundamental knowledge is required to allow these interactions to be designed and controlled with high specificity rather than optimized by simple trial and error. It was noted that while the understanding of materials at the interface of gases/liquids with solids has progressed recently, far less is known about solute/liquid interactions found in liquid absorption separation processes, representing a particularly significant scientific challenge. 116PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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