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Solid S orbents: Solid s orbents, i ncluding sodium a nd pot assium oxi des, z eolites, c arbonates, a mine- enriched sorbents, m etal o rganic f rameworks ( MOFs) a nd z eolitic imidazolate frameworks ( ZIFs), ar e being explored for post-combustion CO2 capture. A temperature swing facilitates sorbent regeneration followingchemicaland/orphysicaladsorption,butakeyattributeofCO2 sorbentsisthatlessH2Ois present c ompared t o s olvent-based sy stems, thereby r educing t he sensible heating a nd s tripping energy requirements. Possible configurations for contacting the flue gas with the sorbents include fixed, moving, and f luidized b eds. Challenges i n t he a pplication of s orbent-based sy stems i nclude so lids c irculation, sorbent attrition, low chemical potential, heat transfer, reactive flue gas contaminants, and the parasitic power and potential water demand for sorbent regeneration. Technology needs include low-cost, durable sorbents that h ave h igh s electivity, h igh C O2 adsorption c apacity, a nd a bility t o w ithstand m ultiple regeneration cycles. Membranes: The po tential of m embrane-based C O2 capture is g enerally v iewed p ositively f or h igh- pressure applications, such as IGCC, but not as promising for low-pressure combustion flue gas without further process enhancements. Usually, the selectivities of the membranes in one stage are insufficient to achieve the desired purities and recoveries, so multiple stages and recycle may be required in an actual operation, leading to i ncreased complexity, energy consumption, and capital costs. CO2 membranes could have an advantage if a lower rate of CO2 removal (<90 %) is acceptable. Practical challenges to the use of membrane-based systems include large flue gas volume, relatively low CO2 concentration, low flue gas pressure, flue gas contaminants, and the need for high membrane surface area. Technical needs for post-combustion m embranes i nclude l ow-cost, dur able m embranes t hat ha ve i mproved s electivity, thermal and physical stability, and tolerance of contaminants in combustion flue gas. 2.2 Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture Pre-combustion capture is mainly applicable to gasification plants, where fuel is converted into gaseous components by applying h eat u nder p ressure i n the presence o f st eam an d su b-stoichiometric oxy gen (O2). A simplified process schematic for pre-combustion CO2 capture is shown in Figure 3. By carefully controlling t he a mount o f oxy gen, onl y a por tion of t he f uel bu rns t o provide t he h eat n ecessary t o decompose the fuel and produce synthesis gas (syngas), a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO), along with minor amounts of other gaseous constituents. To enable pre-combustion capture, the syngas i s f urther p rocessed i n a w ater-gas s hift (WGS) r eactor, w hich c onverts C O i nto C O2 while producing additional H2, thus increasing the CO2 and H2 concentrations. An acid gas removal system can then be used to separate the CO2 from the H2. Because CO2 is present at much higher concentrations in syngas (after WGS) than in flue gas and the syngas is at higher pressure, CO2 capture is less expensive for pre-combustion capture than for post-combustion capture. After CO2 removal, the H2 can be used as a fuel in a combustion turbine combined cycle to generate electricity. Cryogenic ASU 95% Oxygen Shifted Syngas H2 ~50% CO ~2% CO2 >40% >400 Psi/100oF Sulfur Sulfur Recovery Gasifier 500-1,000 Psi 1,800-2,500oF Cooler/ Coal Quench Steam Syngas Water Gas Shift Flue Gas Syngas Cooler Water CO2 Separation Syngas Cleanup Figure 3. Block diagram illustrating a power plant with pre-combustion CO2 capture. Carbon Capture Factual Document 12 Steam Fuel Gas CO2 Power Block Steam Turbine HRSG Reheat Comp. CO2 to Storage 2,200 Psi CO2 Combustion Turbine(s) 2 X 232 MWPDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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