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2.2.1 Currently Available Pre-Combustion Capture Technologies The current state-of-the-art CO2 capture technologies that could be applied to IGCC systems – the glycol- based S elexolTM p rocess and t he m ethanol-based R ectisol® process – employ p hysical so lvents that preferentially a bsorb C O2 from t he sy ngas mixture. T here a re m ultiple sy stems i n u se at co mmercial scale. F or ex ample, a R ectisol® system i s u sed f or C O2 capture at t he D akota G asification C ompany’s substitute natural gas (SNG) plant located in North Dakota, which is designed to remove approximately 1.5 million tons of CO2 per year from the synthesis gas. T he CO2 is purified and sent via a 3 20-km pipeline and injected into the Weyburn oilfield in Saskatchewan. However, this experience is based on a gasification plant, not an IGCC plant. The advantage of physical solvents is that less energy is required in the solvent regeneration step, which involves a temperature increase and/or pressure reduction, leading to an energy penalty of about seven percentage points. F urthermore, although the COE for a b ase IGCC power plant is higher than a coal-fired plant, the high thermodynamic driving force for CO2 capture and reduced CO2 compression demands at IGCC facilities leads to an increase in COE of less than 40 % using SelexolTM technology, compared to 75 to 80 % for a conventional coal-fired power plant equipped with an MEA scrubber for CO2 control, as shown in Figure 1. The DOE systems analysis study assumes a WGS reactor combined with a two-stage SelexolTM process is used for CO2 capture in IGCC applications. T he WGS reactor is necessary to convert the CO in the syngas to CO2. T he first-stage SelexolTM process is used for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) capture, and the second stage for CO2 capture. 2.2.2 Challenges and Technology Needs in Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture There a re sev eral ad vanced p re-combustion CO2 capture t echnologies und er development, i ncluding processes i nvolving s olvents, s orbents, and m embranes. C hallenges a nd n eeds f or d evelopment o f practical technologies are summarized in Table 2 and the paragraphs below. Table 2. Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture Technology Advantages and Challenges CO2 Capture Technology Description Advantages Challenges Solvent readily dissolves CO2. Solubility is directly proportional to CO2 partial pressure and inversely proportional to temperature, making physical solvents more applicable to low temperature, high pressure applications (cooled syngas). Regeneration normally occurs by pressure swing. • CO2 recovery does not require heat to reverse a chemical reaction. • Commonforsamesolvent to have high H2S solubility, allowing for combined CO2/H2S removal. • Systemconceptsinwhich CO2 is recovered with some steam stripping rather than flashed, and delivered at a higher pressure may optimize processes for power systems • CO2pressureislostduring flash recovery • Mustcooldownsynthesis gas for CO2 capture, then heat it back up again and re-humidify for firing to turbine • Lowsolubilitiescan require circulating large volumes of solvent, resulting in large pump loads • SomeH2maybelostwith the CO2 Physical Solvent When sorbent pellets are contacted with syngas, CO2 is physically adsorbed onto sites and/or dissolves into the pore structure of the solid. Rate and capacity are directly proportional to CO2 • CO2 recovery does not require heat to reverse a reaction. • CommonforH2Stoalso have high solubility in the same sorbent, meaning CO2 and H2S capture can • CO2pressureislostduring flash recovery • Mustcoolsynthesisgas for CO2 capture, then heat it back up again and re- humidify for firing to turbine Physical Sorbent Carbon Capture Factual Document 13PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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