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2.3.1 Chemical Looping Combustion Chemical l ooping c ombustion ( CLC) i s an ad vanced coal oxy-combustion technology that involves the use of a m etal o xide o r o ther c ompound a s a n oxygen carrier to transfer O2 from the combustion air to the fuel, a voiding di rect c ontact b etween fuel and combustion air, as shown in Figure 5. Depleted Air N2, O2 Air (Oxidizing) Combustion Products CO2, H2O The p roducts f rom c ombustion ( CO2 and H 2O) a re Reactor keptsep aratef romt her esto ft hef lueg ases. Chemical looping splits c ombustion i nto separate oxidation a nd r eduction r eactions. I n one pot ential MxOy MxOy-1 Fuel (Reducing) Reactor configuration, c hemical looping i s c arried ou t in t wo fluidized be ds. The m etal ox ide ( e.g., iron, n ickel, copper, o r m anganese) releases t he O 2 in a r educing atmosphere and the O2 reacts with the fuel. The metal is then r ecycled back to t he oxi dation chamber where t he metal oxide is regenerated by contact with air. The advantage of using the CLC process is that the CO2 is concentrated once the H2O is removed and not diluted with N2 gas. Another advantage of CLC is that no separate ASU is required and CO2 separation takes place during combustion. A r elated area o f research i s ch emical looping g asification (CLG). I n t his sy stem, t wo o r three solid particle loops are utilized to provide the O2 for gasification and to capture CO2. A loop, similar to that of CLC, is used to gasify the coal and produce syngas (H2 and CO). A second solid loop is used in a WGS reactor. I n t his reactor, steam r eacts w ith C O an d c onverts it to H 2 and C O2. The c irculating s olid absorbsthe CO2,therebyprovidinga greaterdrivingforcefor theWGS reaction. TheCO2 isthen released in a calcination step that produces nearly-pure CO2 for further compression and sequestration. 2.3.2 Challenges and Technology Needs in Oxy-Combustion Oxy-Combustion: T he characteristics o f oxy-combustion ha ve no t y et b een f ully de veloped. O xy- combustion f lame ch aracteristics, b urner an d co al-feed de sign, a nd a nalyses of t he i nteraction of oxy - combustion products w ith boiler m aterials a re a ll areas i n ne ed of m ore r esearch. I n a ddition, b ecause oxy-combustion produces a high- CO2 flue gas that contains H2O, excess O2, N2, SO2, NOX, Hg, and other contaminants, flue g as pur ification t echnologies a re ne eded. C ompanies s uch a s A ir P roducts a re currently d eveloping c ryogenic p urification sch emes t o r emove t hese contaminants [10]. For oxy - combustion a nd I GCC t o be c ost-effective pow er g eneration opt ions, a l ow-cost s upply of pur e O 2 is required. Although a cryogenic ASU can be used to supply high-purity O2 to the boiler or gasifier, this commercially-available t echnology i s bo th c apital a nd e nergy i ntensive. N ovel pr oduction technologies are needed to reduce the cost of O2 production. Chemical Looping Combustion and Gasification: Both CLC and CLG are in the early stages of process development [11]. Bench and laboratory-scale experimentation is currently being conducted. Projects in this pathway are advancing the development of chemical looping systems by addressing key issues, such as solids handling and O2 carrier capacity, reactivity, and attrition. Table 3 provides a summary of the technical challenges for chemical looping technologies. Air N2, O2 Fuel CnHm Carbon Capture Factual Document 16 Figure 5. Schematic of chemical looping combustion process.PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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