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Table 3. Oxy-Combustion Advantages and Challenges CO2 Capture Technology Description Advantages Challenges Fossil fuel is combusted with pure oxygen diluted with recycled fuel gas. The combustion product is primarily CO2 and water. • Thecombustionproducts are CO2 and water. The relatively pure CO2 is easily separated thus making the sequestration process less expensive. • Low cost oxygen supply is required. Currently very high cost. • High cost of CO2 recycle • Develop processes to convert existing air fired furnaces to oxygen fired. • High temperatures can degrade boiler materials • Requireshightemperature materials in new construction Oxy- Combustion Uses metal oxide or other compound as an O2 carrier to transfer O2 from the combustion air to the fuel, avoiding direct contact between fuel and combustion air. • CO2 and H2O kept separate from the rest of the flue gases • ASU is not required and CO2 separation takes place during combustion. • Undeveloped technology still conceptual and bench scale • Ash separation is problematic • Attrition-resistant metal oxide carriers required during multiple cycles Chemical Looping 2.4 Cyrogenic Separation Cryogenic separation utilizes the attributes of a relatively clean flow stream where all flue gases except N2 a nd C O2 ha ve be e n r emo ve d pr i or t oo c ooli ng [ 12] . T hi s p r oc es s a i ms a t s e tt i ng t he ope r at i ona l conditions at the triple point of CO2 (-56.6 C and 5.17 bars) so that CO2 will condense while N2 remains a gas. Once all of the other gases and particulates have been completely removed, the remaining gas is transported to a c ryogenic vessel where the temperature and pressure are changed in such a w ay as to cause CO2 to liquefy leaving N2 as a gas. This process allows the N2 to escape through an outlet at the top of the cryo-vessel while the highly concentrated liquid CO2 can be collected at the bottom. A similar method commonly termed “refrigeration under pressure” also produces CO2 from a mixture with N2 but uses more intense pressurization and somewhat higher temperature compared to cryogenic distillation. Cyrogenic sep aration ( distillation) h as o ne d istinct ad vantage o ver most o ther s eparation p rocesses; i ts product is liquid CO2, which is ready for transport via pipeline or tanker for storage. In addition to being ready for transport, the CO2 recovery is very high (CO2 purity after distillation can exceed 99.95%). The cryogenic process is however very energy intensive, wherein the energy required to keep the system cool (commonly using liquid N2), makes the current process cost ineffective. The other limitation is that NOx, SOx, H2O and O2 must all be removed from the flue gas prior to cryo-processing. Refrigeration under pressure offers many of the same benefits to cryogenic separation, with similar drawbacks. The cost for cooling under pressure is lower, but more energy is required to pressurize the gases. 2.5 Status of CO2 Capture Technology Field Testing 2.5.1 Amine-Based Solvent Processes. With the potential of large-scale power plant CO2 mitigation on the horizon, technology developers have begun t o de velop a dvanced ne xt g eneration a mine s olvents. T wo l eading de velopers a re F luor Carbon Capture Factual Document 17PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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