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MEA regeneration involves the application of heat to the products formed in this reaction to liberate CO2 leaving MEA as a product. There is a sizeable energy penalty for the heat required to regenerate the solvent because substantial energy is needed heat the water/amine solution and break bonds in the carbamate. This heat requirement significantly reduces the net efficiency of the power plant. Pure MEA (with R = HO – CH2CH2) is an unhindered amine that forms stable carbamate; hence, only half a mole of CO2 is absorbed per mole of amine, as depicted in this reaction. For hindered amines (where R is a bulky group; e.g. KS-1), the carbamate formed is not stable, and an alternate reaction leads to higher theoretical capacity of one more of CO2 per mole of amine [21, 22].The drawback is that CO2 uptake via hindered amines is very sluggish. 3.1.2 Challenges and Technology Needs in Amine Absorption Further development of this technology will provide more efficient systems to reduce energy cost, large single absorbers, heat exchangers, and compressors to reduce capital cost, and more robust solvents to reduce makeup costs and secondary environmental impact. MEA processing of CO2 offers a number of distinct advantages including (a) easy retrofitting – i.e. end-of-the-pipe treatment, (b) effective for dilute CO2 streams b etween 3 an d 1 5%, (c) f unctions w ell at o rdinary t emperature a nd pr essure pow er p lant conditions, (d) produces a high-purity reaction product - >98%, and (e) is commercially available [19]. The di sadvantages i nclude t he s ubstantial e nergy pe nalty due t o t he h eat r equired t o r egenerate t he solvent, loss of s olvent d ue t o phy sical l osses, entrainment, v aporization, c hemical de gradation, a nd corrosion particularly when O2 content are high. Research opportunities leading to improved amine solvents exhibiting better energy performance may be realized by targeting key issues related to their physicochemical properties: 1. Greater thermal stability of the solvent will permit solvent regeneration at greater temperature and pressure. Alkanolamines and other hydrophilic amines typically degrade at 120–130 °C. Cyclic aliphatic diamines such as piperazine are stable up to 150 °C. Other useful structures could be identified that are thermally stable. 2. Greater c apacity w ill reduce t he inefficiency o f h eating an d co oling t he so lvent. Greater s olvent concentration increases capacity but also increases viscosity which increases the cost of the cross exchanger. Greater capacity can be achieved by manipulating the volume of CO2 to volume of absorber r atio. A nhydrous solvents a re p robably n ot practical b ecause t here i s always w ater in these systems. 3. Greater CO2 absorption/desorption rates will allow smaller driving force and more reversibility in the absorber. Piperazine provides the fastest rate of the known amines. Other amine structures or enzymes could be used to accelerate CO2 absorption. Reduced capital and energy costs will come with amines other than MEA, but there cannot be major improvement s ince t he existing de signs a lready pr ovide a bout 50% thermodynamic e fficiency. Concentrated piperazine ( PZ) i s a t hermally-resistant solvent w ith a h igh he at of C O2 absorption t hat claims to r educe power loss to 0.24 MWH/tCO2 by ope rating t he s tripper at 150° C. [ 23] Vacuum stripping or s olvents w ith a l ower h eat of a bsorption w ill not g et the f ull i mpact of t hermal s wing stripping a nd will r equire more en ergy [ 23] S olvents w ith g reater capacity, s uch a s KS-1, m inimize sensible heat losses from heating and cooling the circulating solvent. Solvents with a faster rate of CO2 absorption, such as methyldiethanolamine/PZ, allow for adequate absorber performance with more dissolved CO2 in the rich and lean solvent, resulting in reduced energy use by the stripper [23]. Improved solvent systems must have low makeup cost, reliable operating characteristics, and minimum impact on the environment. These objectives may be satisfied by meeting these criteria: 1. Slow rate of thermal and oxidative degradation with nontoxic, easily separated degradation products Carbon Capture Factual Document 20PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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