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2. Low volatility at lean conditions, preferably no volatility so that a water wash is unnecessary. 3. Commercially available in large quantities at low cost (less that $10/lb) 4. Environmentally benign components and degradation products 5. Easily reclaimed from coal flue gas impurities such as sulfate, fly ash, metal, gypsum. 6. Compatible with inexpensive material of construction such as carbon steel and polymers. 7. Preferably two phase (gas and liquid). Additional liquid and solid phases can result in unreliable systems. 8. Non-foaming. MEA is subject to oxidative and thermal degradation, [24, 25] but it is the least expensive amine and its losses are expected to be less than $5/tCO2. Impacts of SO2, NOX, and fly ash on solvent degradation will be m inimized by e fficient ups tream e quipment a nd a pol ishing s crubber. O xidative de gradation c an be minimized by additives such as free radical scavengers [25]. Thermal degradation can be minimized by operating the stripping systems at lower temperature (e.g. 100 °C). Volatile amine emissions in the clean gas are easily avoided by a w ater wash section at the top of the absorber. Advanced amines such as proprietary hindered KS-1, piperazine [24], and ethyldiethanolamine [26] are resistant to degradation but are m ore ex pensive an d will require m ore co mplex g as p re-treating t o av oid eco nomic l osses f rom process upsets and the effects of SO2, NOx, and fly ash. More expensive solvents, such as ionic liquids, will b e m ore e conomically sen sitive t o process u psets an d other impurities, ev en i f t hey ar e o therwise stable. Recently, a n i nnovative CO2 capture sy stem b ased o n t he f ormation of a midinium or g uanidinium alkylcarbonate salts with good reactivity and high absorption capacity has shown interesting promise [27- 31] This CO2 capture system consists of an alcohol and a strong amidine (or guanidine) base. Compared with a queous solution s ystems, t he l ow s pecific h eat a nd r educed hy drogen bondi ng i n a lkylcarbonate salts result in less energy intensive CO2 release [32]. Unfortunately, volatilization of alcohol, as well as the recombination of CO2 with volatilized species (i.e., alcohol and/or base) can lead to loss of organic solvent and increased operating costs associated with preventing CO2 recombination l osses during desorption. Hence, there remains a strong need to develop alternative technologies and approaches for the efficient and reversible capture of CO2 without incurring loss of volatiles (e.g., alcohols, water). 3.1.3 Alternative Liquid Sorbents Ionic liquids (ILs) are a class of compounds showing significant potential for CO2 separation applications. Ionic liquids are organic salts molten below 100 °C whose cations, substituents, and anions can be varied virtually at will to tune their chemical and physical properties. Examples of typical cations and anions of ILs are shown in Figure 6. ILs act much like good organic solvents, dissolving both polar Figure 6. Examples of typical ILs [33]. Carbon Capture Factual Document 21PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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