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sufficient for practical applications, or whether the ZIFs can be altered in a way to increase the diffusion rates without sacrificing gas adsorption capacity or selectivity. Scalability. It is not yet clear whether the existing solvo-thermal synthetic procedures, used in both MOF and ZIF synthesis, can be applied to the extremely large scales that would be required for use in a flue gas separation s ystem. A lthough t his pa thway ha s s o f ar b een sca led t o t he g ram scal e, it i s likely t hat additional research would be required to achieve kilogram scale, and beyond. Reversibility and Regeneration. Any flue gas separation system based on gas adsorption will need to be operated in a cyclic manner, using some mechanism (typically temperature or pressure swing) to regenerate the adsorption medium and release the adsorbate. While CO2 adsorption in MOFs and ZIFs seems to be essentially completely reversible based on pressure swing, it is not yet clear whether the adsorption/desorption can be done ov er t housands of c ycles w ithout de terioration o f pe rformance. Ultimately this depends on the long-term stability of the frameworks, which need to be tested under conditions relevant to flue gas separations. 3.3 Membranes Gas sep aration b y membranes i s h ighly d esirable s ince sep aration b y membranes i s g enerally a l ow energy p rocess. The sel ectivity o f m embranes can l ead t o h ighly p ure st reams an d m embrane b ased automated plants can remain in operation without requiring major maintenance. The CO2 separation by membranes h as b een a ccomplished an d i s ap plied i n n atural g as p rocessing i ndustry. T his se ction summarizes the status of gas separation membranes. 3.3.1 Types of Membranes Both pol ymeric a nd i norganic m embranes ha ve be en s tudied f or g as s eparation. Inorganic m embrane materials generally offer higher permeability and selectivity and better chemical and thermal stability than the polymeric membrane materials. However, polymeric materials can be more easily processed to thin, flexiblemembranesandtothemoduleswithpackingdensity. Polymermembranesarelessexpansive than inorganic membranes on t he square footage basis. A lthough many polymer membranes have been investigated, only a limited number of polymer membranes are used industrially for gas separations [91]. These include r ubbery po lymers of pol y ( dimethylsiloxane), ethylene ox ide/propylene ox ide-amide copolymer, and g lass p olymers of cellulose a cetate, polyperfluorodioxides, polycarbonates, pol yimides, and po lysulfone. I norganic m embranes studied f or gas s eparation i nclude a morphous a nd c rystalline microporous silica, carbon and other ceramic membranes, metal membranes and crystalline metal oxide membranes [92]. Metal membranes are used in hydrogen purification in the semi-conductor industry and porous inorganic membranes have been used for large scale gas diffusion separation of uranium isotopes. There is currently a major industrial effort to develop crystalline ionic transport inorganic membranes for air separation and syngas production. Membranes h ave p otential f or u se in t he p ost-combustion, pr e-combustion a nd oxy fuel combustion processes for CO2 capture. O xygen semi-permeable mixed-conducting metal oxide ceramic membranes operated at temperatures above 700 oC are suitable for oxygen separation from air for oxyfuel combustion applications. Both H2 and CO2 selective membranes are considered for pre-combustion applications. The H2 or CO2 selective membranes operated at the high temperatures (above 700 oC) may be used in the membrane reactors for reforming reactions, and those in the temperature range of 300-500 oC are more suitable for use in the membrane reactors for water gas shift reaction, a k ey step in the pre-combustion process. Low temperature CO2 selective membranes have also been considered for pre-combustion CO2 capture but in principle the combined membrane separator/reactor process is not as efficient as the high Carbon Capture Factual Document 33PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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