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exists associated with these issues for nonporous and zeolite filler particles [109]. The use of MOFs as filler p articles is r elatively n ew, s o these important m icrostructure-related topics a re n ot y et w ell understood for MOF/polymer composites. Dense membranes for high temperature separations: Membranes to separate high temperature syngas can potentially pl ay a n i mportant role i n C O2 mitigation w ithin I GCC a nd o ther g asification processes. Theoretical a pproaches b ased on qua ntum c hemistry c alculations a re be ginning t o pl ay a u seful r ole i n materials selection f or d ense m etal m embranes using b oth cr ystalline a nd g lassy metals [ 110]. C urrent theoretical approaches focus on p redicting t he t hroughput of hy drogen through t hese d ense films. T he response o f m etal films t o g as co ntaminants su ch as S -containing sp ecies r emains a c ritical issue f or implementation o f these devices, and t his t opic is cu rrently o nly acc essible v ia ex periments. The fundamental m echanisms of m embrane po isoning b y t hese c ontaminants remain po orly unde rstood; changing this situation could allow significant progress in the development of practical membranes. Ceramic membranes also show promise for high temperature CO2 separations. Progress has been made in testing d evices made from li thium-based cer amics [111]. These experimental s tudies h ave r evealed t he main physical mechanisms that control CO2 permeation through these ceramics. Little theoretical work is available on these mechanisms, so theory has not yet played a role in materials selection in this area. 3.3.3 Industrial Applications of Gas Separation Membranes Membrane gas separation is one of the most significant new unit operations t o emerge in ch emical industry i n t he last 40 y ears. F rom t entative be ginnings i n t he 19 70’s, c ommercial g as s eparation membranes have evolved to the point where they have gained industrial acceptance in many areas such as nitrogen p roduction, hy drogen s eparation a nd na tural g as upg rading ( Figure 18 ). I n v irtually a ll areas where gas separation membranes are commercial today, they compete with established, well –developed technologies like cryogenic distillation, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and liquid absorption. Selection of the b est technology i s al ways difficult b ecause i n practice the s pecifics of each application, s uch a s product pu rity, f eed composition, ut ilization pa tterns, t urndown r equirements, impurity l evels, s upply pressure, operating temperature and the relative cost of power and capital all have a significant impact on the selection of t he op timal t echnology a nd pr ocess c onfiguration. This section w ill hi ghlight t he t wo relevant areas where membranes have been most successful in industrial gas applications. Membrane air s eparation is b ased p rimarily on the us e of c omposite and asymmetric ho llow f iber technology u sing p olymers t hat permeate oxygen f aster t han n itrogen. This pe rmits the design o f r elatively si mple cy cles t hat fundamentally require only a compressor and a membrane assem bly; n itrogen i s t he r etentate and is obtained at close to compressor discharge pressure while an oxygen rich gas is obtained as low pressure permeate. In principle, it is possible t o us e m embranes to p roduce .b oth oxygen a nd ni trogen. I n pr actice, w ith c urrent membrane pr operties, i t i s m uch e asier t o produce hi gh pu rity ni trogen a nd hence membranes have been confined largely to nitrogen production. Figure 18. A membrane plant for natural gas processing (courtesy MTR, Inc.). Carbon Capture Factual Document 37PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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