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In general, the O2/N2 selectivities of polymers used in air separation are in the range of 4 - 8 and the permeabilities are in the range of 1 – 20 Barrers. The effective skin thickness achieved in production is in the range of 500- 2000 Å. Small skin thicknesses are most desirable because they increase membrane productivity (P/t) a nd permit th e u se o f h igher s electivity ( but lower p ermeability) m aterials. The t hin “skin” is always supported on a porous layer which provides structural strength. The simple, single stage process is best for producing low purity nitrogen while multi-stage processes are better su ited at h igher p urities an d l arge cap acities. "Oxygen f ree" n itrogen ca n b e p roduced u sing a hybrid system comprised of a membrane system plus a catalytic de-oxygenation system using hydrogen to remove the residual oxygen. Oxygen production by m embranes ha s to da te seen only l imited application a nd ha s b een c onfined to small sizes and low purities. This is due to the following important factors: • The cost of O2 produced is high. • Most t raditional a pplications us e hi gh pur ity O 2, but current m aterial se lectivities an d permeabilities are too low for high purity O2 production. • Oxygen is typically produced at low pressure and O2 compression is expensive. • The contaminants present in feed air (e.g. CO2, H2O) contaminate the product To produce low cost oxygen at high purity, membranes with very high permeability and selectivity are required. The most common process used for membrane O2 production is the simple, single stage process in w hich the O 2 rich pe rmeate i s obtained a s t he product. The l ack o f m embrane m aterials w hich simultaneously p ossess h igh sel ectivity an d v ery high p ermeability h as s tymied t he co mmercial development of m embranes f or oxy gen pr oduction. It i s i mportant t o no te that m any i ndustrial g as companies ar developing oxygen t ransport m embranes o f t he sort d escribed ab ove. F or ex ample so me, such as Air Products are now in pilot scale testing on the tons per day level. http://www.airproducts.com/PressRoom/CompanyNews/Archived/2009/21May2009b.htm CO2 Removal in Natural Gas Processing: The most widely practiced application of membrane processes in natural gas treatment is for CO2 removal (Figure 19). Cellulose membranes have been used primarily for the past 20+ years and have been now increasingly applied for larger flow rate applications. Recent advances in m embrane t echnology h ave i ntroduced n ew co mmercial m embranes i n t his m arket s pace. Specifically, rubbery CO2 selective membranes (e.g. Polaris from MTR, Inc.) and glassy polymer membranes ( e.g. polyimide, pe rfluoro) ha ve recently be en i ntroduced in l imited a pplications in the g as treatment market. These membranes are being tailored to address certain shortcomings of conventional cellulosic membranes such as membrane stability and requirement for substantial pretreatment. Apart f rom C O2 removal f rom na tural g as, two o ther applications ha ve g ained s ignificant traction in natural gas processing and treatment. Membranes are now successfully deployed for nitrogen removal from natural gas and numerous plants are now operating in the US. Also, new membranes have been applied successfully for the separation of heavy hydrocarbons and acid gases such as H2S and CO2 from Figure 19. Hybrid membrane process for CO2 removal from natural gas (Courtesy MTR Inc.). Carbon Capture Factual Document 38PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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