PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 178
The use of CO2 as a reagent in organic synthesis is receiving renewed attention. Another highly desirable approach to convert CO2 into useful products is artificial photosynthesis. In this scenario, CO2 produced from various sources can be efficiently converted to hydrocarbons, alcohols of synthesis gas employing solar energy. This approach will create an artificial CO2 cycle and reduce the need for CO2 capture and sequestration. The photochemical CO2 reduction employing homogeneous catalysts has been the subject of intense interest for a number of years now [118, 119]. However, the stability of CO2 makes economical utilization of carbon dioxide as a feedstock for fuels or chemicals a formidable challenge. Since CO2 lies in a deep energetic well of stability, the reduction process will be energy intensive and for significant r ound-trip cy cle ef ficiency r equires a r enewable energy input. The voltage an d free energy required for sev eral C O2 reduction pr ocesses c an b e pr ovided by us ing ‘ direct’ e lectrochemistry w ith concomitant water splitting or by use of hydrogen as a chemical reductant. To create fuels or chemical feed stocks with C-2 or greater from CO2, electrochemical reduction steps must be coupled to C-C bond formation ch emistry. Two d ominant p athways are i dentified that c an p otentially f acilitate this t ype o f reaction - direct electrocatalytic conversion where reactions occur between adsorbed species on a surface, typically metallic, that catalyzes reactions and electrochemically mediated processes using organometallic complexes. A number of mechanistic pathways utilizing heterogeneous catalysis are available for conversion of CO2 to useful feedstocks. The most direct and extensively studied of these involves hydrogenative conversion of CO2 to methanol. Efficient heterogeneous catalysts based on metals and their oxides, in particular the combination of c opper a nd z inc oxi de ha ve be en d eveloped f or t his c onversion. A nother m echanism, known as the Sabatier reaction or Sabatier process involves the reaction of hydrogen with carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures and pressures in the presence of a nickel catalyst to produce methane and water. Optionally ruthenium on aluminum oxide makes a more efficient catalyst [120]. CO2 reduction to CO can be achieved by the reverse Boudouard reaction via the thermal reaction of carbon dioxide with carbon, or coal i tself. This p rocess has an a dvantage o ver t he st eam r eforming o f co al, which is so mewhat less endothermic (31.3 kcal mol-1), in that it allows for the recycling of CO2. Another mechanistic pathway optimizes the use of natural gas resources (which generally contain 5 t o 50 % CO2) and concurrently converts CO2 to syngas via reaction of CO2 with natural gas or other hydrocarbon sources. This reaction is carried out commercially at temperatures around 800-1000 °C using catalysts based on nickel and other metals (Ni/MgO, Ni/MgAl2O4, Ni/Al2O3, Rh/NaY, Rh/Al2O3, etc) [121-123]. CO2 is used as a feedstock reacted w ith am monia u nder p ressure w ith n o catalyst p resent to p roduce u rea [ 124]. This r eaction is practiced in a large scale and currently close to 80 Mt of CO2 is consumed annually. 5.0 Summary and Technical Challenges As with the March 2009 workshop on carbon capture co-sponsored by BES and FE [125], several overall common scientific a nd technologic t hemes have be en highlighted in this f actual d ocument that require near-term a ttention i n or der t o s timulate t ransformative br eakthroughs i n m itigating c arbon e missions. These include; ( a) fundamental unde rstanding of g as-host i nteractions, ( b) n eed t o m easure an d understand i n g reater d etail k ey t hermodynamic, k inetic, ch emical an d st ructural ch aracteristics o f the current suite of available materials, (c) discovery of entirely new materials for carbon capture and oxygen separation from air, (d) discovery of capture materials that can be regenerated with minimal energy use, perhaps through m echanisms ot her t han thermal or pressure s wings, a nd (e) i mplementation of ne w approaches t o t heory, m odeling an d si mulation t hat acce lerate t he s cale-up. A s ynergistic r esearch portfolio involving novel experiments, synthesis, analytical and characterization methods in concert with molecular-level s imulations i s needed to f ill k ey k nowledge g aps i n o ur fundamental unde rstanding of materials properties and r eaction ch emistry. S cience d iscovery sh ould k eep pace w ith the ex pected timeline for commercial deployment of capture and storage as outlined in Fig. 21 [126]. Carbon Capture Factual Document 40PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
PDF Search Title:
2020 Carbon CaptureOriginal File Name Searched:
1291240.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |