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In the context of Basic Energy Sciences, five broad areas are defined that could afford new research opportunities to the m aterials and ch emistry co mmunity. T hese a re liquid ab sorbents, so lid absorbents, membranes, g as h ydrate sep aration an d ca talytic m aterials/reactions. E ach o f t hese h as v arying applicability to the three main carbon capture technologies currently being investigated – post-, pre-, and oxy-combustion. Liquid absorbent-based CO2 capture involves chemical or physical sorption of CO2 from flue gas into a liquid carrier. Solvent-based systems, such commercially available amine-based systems, are being used today for scrubbing CO2 from industrial flue gases and process steams. However, scaling this type of CO2 Figure 21. R & D timeline for commercial deployment of carbon capture [126]. capture methodology to the size required for processing large volumes of CO2 has not been achieved. Research e fforts o n liquid ab sorbents n eed to f ocus on n ew so lvents that a re thermally st able to h igh temperatures, ch emically st able i n f lue g as co nditions, h ave a h igh C O2 loading c apacity, minimize regeneration e nergy, e xhibit f ast reaction k inetics, a re n on-corrosive an d a re c ost ef fective. S cientific breakthroughs m ay be r ealized t hrough e xploration of ne w a mine-based c hemistry, nov el i onic l iquids and i onic-liquid supported p olymeric m embranes, es pecially for materials t hat can be regenerated w ith minimal parasitic energy. Solid a bsorbents such a s m etal-organic an d z eolite i midazolate frameworks h ave h ighly d esirable properties s uch as m icroporosity, h igh su rface ar eas, an d ex ceptional thermal and ch emical s tability, making t hem pot entially i deal f or g as s eparation a pplications. S caling t o “ real w orld” c onditions i s recognized as a major obstacle in the deployment of solid sorbents. Additionally, fundamental research is needed to identify new methods for releasing CO2 from the solid sorbents (e.g. microwave, electrical or optical), a nd t o de velop n ovel f unctionalization s chemes of t he p ore w alls t hat i mprove t hermal and chemical stability (particularly during pressure drops), diffusivity and sorptive selectivity. Membranes for CO2 separation are, in principle, simple to operate – i.e. no chemical reactions to track and no moving parts. Currently available membranes have a tolerance to high levels of wet acid gases, are compact a nd m odular w ith a small footprint a nd r equire r elatively l ow energy. H owever a num ber o f technology challenges remain including the need to handle low flue gas CO2 partial pressures, withstand the deleterious effects of particulate matter degradation of membrane performance and life, reduced cost and s cale-up f or large v olumes of C O2. F or p ost-combustion c apture, ad vanced m embrane r esearch targets i nclude t he d esign an d sy nthesis o f n ew materials that h ave h igh CO2/N2 selectivity an d permeability which will require tailoring the pore size and distribution in ways that do not degrade gas permeance, chemically st abilize m embranes esp ecially i n t he p resence o f SO2, a nd c ontrol the Carbon Capture Factual Document 41PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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