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2.3. Process Chemistry The process chemistry is complex, but the main reactions taking place are [26] CO2 Absorption: 2 R-NH2 + CO2 → R-NH3+ + R-NH-COO MEA Regeneration: R-NH-COO- + R-NH3+ + (Heat) → CO2 + 2 R-NH2 Pure MEA (with R = HO-CH2CH2) is an “unhindered” amine that forms a weakly bonded intermediate called “carbamate” that is fairly stable. Only half a mole of CO2 is absorbed per mole of amine, as shown in the CO2 absorption equation above. On application of heat, this carbamate dissociates to give back CO2 and amine sorbent, as shown in the second equation above. Since the carbamate formed during absorption is quite stable, it takes lot of heat energy to break the bonds and to regenerate the sorbent. For other “hindered” amines (e.g., where R is a bulky group), the carbamate formed is not stable, and an alternate reaction leads to formation of bicarbonate ions and hence a higher theoretical capacity of one mole of CO2 per mole of amine, as shown in the CO2 absorption equation below (Hezorg et al., 1997; Sartori, 1994). CO2 Absorption: R-NH2 + CO2 + H2O → R-NH3+ + HCO3 MEA Regeneration: HCO3- + R-NH3+ + (less Heat) → CO2 + H2O + R-NH2 The regeneration of these amines requires lesser amount of heat energy as compared to the unhindered amines. But the CO2 uptake rate of hindered amines is very low. Efforts are underway to formulate better sorbents by combining favorable properties of these two groups of amines. 2.4. Process Equipment The CO2 capture and separation system consists of the following capital equipment Direct contact cooler: The flue gases coming out of a power plant are quite hot. The temperature of flue gas may be ranging from as low as 60 deg. C (in case of coal-fired power plants with wet SO2 scrubbers) to more than 550 deg. C (in case of natural gas fired simple cycle power plants). It is desirable to cool down the flue gases to about 45-50 deg. C, in order to improve absorption of CO2 into the amine sorbent (the absorption being an exothermic process is favored by low temperatures), to minimize sorbent losses (higher temperature may lead to sorbent losses due to evaporation and degradation), and to avoid excessive loss of moisture with the exhaust gases. In case of gas-fired power plants or majority of coal- fired power plants that do not have wet scrubbers for SO2 removal, a direct contact cooler has to be installed to bring down the temperature of the flue gas stream to acceptable levels. In case of coal-fired power plant applications that have a wet FGD (flue gas desulfurization) unit upstream of the amine system, the wet scrubber helps in substantial cooling of the flue gases, and additional cooler may not be required. Flue gas blower: The flue gas has to overcome a substantial pressure drop as it passes through a very tall absorber column, countercurrent to the sorbent flow. Hence the cooled flue gas has to be pressurized using a blower before it enters the absorber. Absorber: This is the vessel where the flue gas is made to contact with the MEA-based sorbent, and some of the CO2 from the flue gas gets dissolved in the sorbent. The column may be plate-type or a packed one. Most of the CO2 absorbers are packed columns using some kind of polymer-based packing to provide large interfacial area. Rich/lean cross heat exchanger: The CO2-loaded sorbent needs to be heated in order to strip off CO2 and regenerate the sorbent. On the other hand, the regenerated (lean) sorbent coming out of the regenerator has to be cooled down before it could be circulated back to the absorber column. Hence these Integrated Environmental Control Model - Technical Documentation • 12PDF Image | Amine Based CO2 Capture
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