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Summary for Policymakers 11 Table SPM.4. CO2 avoidance costs for the complete CCS system for electricity generation, for different combinations of reference power plants without CCS and power plants with CCS (geological and EOR). The amount of CO2 avoided is the difference between the emissions of the reference plant and the emissions of the power plant with CCS. Gas prices are assumed to be 2.8-4.4 US$ GJ-1, and coal prices 1-1.5 US$ GJ-1 (based on Tables 8.3a and 8.4). Type of power plant with CCS Natural Gas Combined Cycle reference plant US$/tCO avoided Pulverized Coal reference plant US$/tCO avoided Power plant with capture and geological storage 40 - 90 70 - 270 40 - 220 Natural Gas Combined Cycle 20 - 60 Pulverized Coal 30 - 70 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle 20 - 70 Power plant with capture and EOR17 20 - 70 50 - 240 20 - 190 Natural Gas Combined Cycle 0 - 30 Pulverized Coal 10 - 40 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle 0 - 40 Table SPM.. 2002 Cost ranges for the components of a CCS system as applied to a given type of power plant or industrial source. The costs of the separate components cannot simply be summed to calculate the costs of the whole CCS system in US$/CO2 avoided. All numbers are representative of the costs for large-scale, new installations, with natural gas prices assumed to be 2.8-4.4 US$ GJ-1 and coal prices 1-1.5 US$ GJ-1 (Sections 5.9.5, 8.2.1, 8.2.2, 8.2.3, Tables 8.1 and 8.2). CCS system components Cost range Remarks Capture from a coal- or gas-fired power plant 15-75 US$/tCO2 net captured Net costs of captured CO2, compared to the same plant without capture. Capture from hydrogen and ammonia production or gas processing 5-55 US$/tCO2 net captured Applies to high-purity sources requiring simple drying and compression. Capture from other industrial sources 25-115 US$/tCO2 net captured Range reflects use of a number of different technologies and fuels. Transportation 1-8 US$/tCO2 transported Per 250 km pipeline or shipping for mass flow rates of 5 (high end) to 40 (low end) MtCO2 yr-1. Geological storagea 0.5-8 US$/tCO2 net injected Excluding potential revenues from EOR or ECBM. Geological storage: monitoring and verification 0.1-0.3 US$/tCO2 injected This covers pre-injection, injection, and post-injection monitoring, and depends on the regulatory requirements. Ocean storage 5-30 US$/tCO2 net injected Including offshore transportation of 100-500 km, excluding monitoring and verification. Mineral carbonation 50-100 US$/tCO2 net mineralized Range for the best case studied. Includes additional energy use for carbonation. a Over the long term, there may be additional costs for remediation and liabilities. in CO2 source, transport and storage situations (see Table SPM.5). Over the next decade, the cost of capture could be reduced by 20–30%, and more should be achievable by new technologies that are still in the research or demonstration phase. The costs of transport and storage of CO2 could decrease slowly as the technology matures further and the scale increases (Sections 1.5.3, 3.7.13, 8.2). 17.Energy and economic models indicate that the CCS system’s major contribution to climate change mitigation would come from deployment in the electricity sector. Most modelling as assessed in this report suggests that CCS systems begin to deploy at a significant level when CO2 prices begin to reach approximately 25–30 US$/tCO2. Low-cost capture possibilities (in gas processing and in hydrogen and ammonia manufacture, where separation of CO2 is already done) in combination with short (<50 km) transport distances and storage options that generate revenues (such as EOR) can lead to the limited storage of CO2 (up to 360 MtCO2 yr-1) under circumstances of low or no incentives (Sections 2.2.1.3, 2.3, 2.4, 8.3.2.1)PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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