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Figure SPM.7. These figures are an illustrative example of the global potential contribution of CCS as part of a mitigation portfolio. They are based on two alternative integrated assessment models (MESSAGE and MiniCAM) while adopt the same assumptions for the main emissions drivers. The results would vary considerably on regional scales. This example is based on a single scenario and, therefore, does not convey the full range of uncertainties. Panels a and b show global primary energy use, including the deployment of CCS. Panels c and d show the global CO2 emissions in grey and corresponding contributions of main emissions reduction measures in colour. Panel e shows the calculated marginal price of CO2 reductions (Section 8.3.3, Box 8.3). and effective trapping mechanisms. There are two different types of leakage scenarios: (1) abrupt leakage, through injection well failure or leakage up an abandoned well, and (2) gradual leakage, through undetected faults, fractures or wells. Impacts of elevated CO2 concentrations in the shallow subsurface could include lethal effects on plants and subsoil animals and the contamination of groundwater. High fluxes in conjunction with stable atmospheric conditions could lead Summary for Policymakers 1 a 600 400 400 1.400 b 800 800 1.400 1.200 1.200 1.000 1.000 Solar/Wind Hydro Biomass Nuclear Oil Gas CCS Gas (Vented) Coal CCS Coal (Vented) Conservation and Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy Nuclear Coal to Gas Substitution CCS MiniCAM MESSAGE 600 200 -- 200 2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095 90.000 c 80.000 70.000 60.000 50.000 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 MiniCAM - 2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095 90.000 d 80.000 70.000 60.000 50.000 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095 e 0 2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095 Emissions to the atmosphere MESSAGE Emissions to the atmosphere 2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 MiniCAM MESSAGE to local high CO2 concentrations in the air that could harm animals or people. Pressure build-up caused by CO2 injection could trigger small seismic events. While there is limited experience with geological storage, closely related industrial experience and scientific knowledge could serve as a basis for appropriate risk management, including remediation. The effectiveness of the available risk management methods still needs to be demonstrated Marginal price of CO2 (2002 US$/tCO2) Emissions (MtCO2 yr-1) Primary energy use (EJ yr-1)PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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