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20 Technical Summary Figure TS.1. Schematic diagram of possible CCS systems. It shows the sources for which CCS might be relevant, as well as CO2 transport and storage options (Courtesy CO2CRC). Why the interest in CO2 capture and storage? In 1992, international concern about climate change led to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The ultimate objective of that Convention is the “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. From this perspective, the context for considering CCS (and other mitigation options) is that of a world constrained in CO2 emissions, consistent with the international goal of stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Most scenarios for global energy use project a substantial increase of CO2 emissions throughout this century in the absence of specific actions to mitigate climate change. They also suggest that the supply of primary energy will continue to be dominated by fossil fuels until at least the middle of the century (see Section 8). The magnitude of the emissions reduction needed to stabilize the atmospheric concentration of CO2 will depend on both the level of future emissions (the baseline) and the desired target for long-term CO2 concentration: the lower the stabilization target and the higher the baseline emissions, the larger the required reduction in CO2 emissions. IPCC’s Third Assessment Report (TAR) states that, depending on the scenario considered, cumulative emissions of hundreds or even thousands of gigatonnes of CO2 would need to be prevented during this century to stabilize the CO2 concentration at 450 to 750 ppmv2. The TAR also finds that, “most model results indicate that known technological options3 could achieve a broad range of atmospheric CO2 stabilization levels”, but that “no single technology option will provide all of the emissions reductions needed”. Rather, a combination of mitigation measures will be needed to achieve stabilization. These known technological options are available for stabilization, although the TAR cautions that, “implementation would require associated socio-economic and institutional changes”. 2 ppmv is parts per million by volume. 3 “Known technological options” refer to technologies that are currently at the operation or pilot-plant stages, as referred to in the mitigation scenarios discussed in IPCC’s Third Assessment Report. The term does not include any new technologies that will require drastic technological breakthroughs. It can be considered to represent a conservative estimate given the length of the scenario period.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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