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Chapter 1: Introduction 55 • sources of CO2 and technologies for capturing CO2; • transport of CO2 from capture to storage; • CO2 storage options; • geographical potential of the technology; • possibility of re-using captured CO2 in industrial applications; • costs and energy efficiency of capturing and storing CO2 in comparison with other large-scale mitigation options; • implications of large-scale introduction, the environmental impact, as well as risks and risk management during capture, transport and storage; • permanence and safety of CO2 storage, including methods of monitoring CO2 storage; • barriers to the implementation of storage, and the modelling Figure 1.1 World primary energy use by sector from 1971 to 2001 (IEA, 2003). of CO2 capture and storage in energy and climate models; • implications for national and international emission inventories, legal aspects and technology transfer. This report assesses information on all these topics in order to facilitate discussion of the relative merits of this option and to assist decision-making about whether and how the technology should be used. 1.1.4 Purpose of this introduction This chapter provides an introduction in three distinct ways: it provides the background and context for the report; it provides an introduction to CCS technology; and it provides a framework for the CCS assessment methods used in later chapters. Figure 1.2 World CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use by sector, 1971 to 2001 (IEA, 2003). Because this report is concerned with the physical capture, transport and storage of CO2, the convention is adopted of using physical quantities (i.e. tonnes) of CO2 rather than quantities of C, as is normal in the general literature on climate change. In order to make possible comparison of the results with other literature, quantities in tonnes of C are given in parenthesis. Average global CO2 emissions5 increased by 1.0% per year between 1990 and 1995 (1.4% between 1995 and 2001), a rate slightly below that of energy consumption in both periods. In individual sectors, there was no increase in emissions from industry between 1990 and 1995 (0.9% per year from 1995 to 2001); there was an increase of 1.7% per year (2.0%) in the transport sector, 2.3% per year (2.0%) in the buildings sector, and a fall of 2.8% per year (1.0%) in the agricultural/other sector (IEA, 2003). 1.2 Context for considering CO2 Capture and Storage 1.2.1 Energy consumption and CO2 emissions CO2 continued an upward trend in the early years of the 21st century (Figures 1.1, 1.2). Fossil fuels are the dominant form of energy utilized in the world (86%), and account for about 75% of current anthropogenic CO2 emissions (IPCC, 2001c). In 2002, 149 Exajoules (EJ) of oil, 91 EJ of natural gas, and 101 EJ of coal were consumed by the world’s economies (IEA, 2004). Global primary energy consumption grew at an average rate of 1.4% annually between 1990 and 1995 (1.6% per year between 1995 and 2001); the growth rates were 0.3% per year (0.9%) in the industrial sector, 2.1% per year (2.2%) in the transportation sector, 2.7% per year (2.1%) in the buildings sector, and –2.4% per year (–0.8%) in the agricultural/other sector (IEA, 2003). Total emissions from fossil fuel consumption and flaring of natural gas were 24 GtCO2 per year (6.6 GtC per year) in 2001 – industrialized countries were responsible for 47% of energy-related CO2 emissions (not including international bunkers6). The Economies in Transition accounted for 13% of 2001 emissions; emissions from those countries have been declining at an annual rate of 3.3% per year since 1990. Developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region emitted 25% of the global total of CO2; the rest of the developing countries accounted for 13% of the total (IEA, 2003). 5 There are differences in published estimates of CO2 emissions for many countries, as Marland et al. (1999) have shown using two ostensibly similar sources of energy statistics. 6 Emissions from international bunkers amounted to 780 Mt CO2 (213 MtC) in 2001 (IEA, 2003).PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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