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Chapter 1: Introduction 71 elements will have to be considered (IPCC, 2001a). These are discussed in the IPCC Special Report on Technology Transfer (IPCC, 2000c), which looked into all aspects of the processes affecting the development, application and diffusion of technology. This looks at technology transfer for the purposes of adapting to climate change as well as for mitigation. It looks at processes within countries and between countries, covering hardware, knowledge and practices. Particularly important are the assessment of technology needs, the provision of technology information, capacity building, the creation of an enabling environment, and innovative financing to facilitate technology transfer. these countries wish to reduce the rate of increase of emissions, they will want to have access to a range of mitigation options, one of which could be CCS. Initially it seems likely that CCS would be exploited by countries with relevant experience, such as oil and gas production25, but this may not be the case in other natural resource sectors. Will there be fewer opportunities for the transfer of CCS technology than for other mitigation options where technologies are in the hands of numerous companies? Or will the knowledge and experience already available in the energy sector in certain developing countries provide an opportunity for them to exploit CCS technologies? Will CO2 capture and storage technologies attract more interest from certain developing countries if applied to biomass sources26? If there is a year-round supply of CO2 from the biomass processing plant and good storage reservoirs within reasonable distance, this could be an important opportunity for technology transfer. As yet there are no answers to these questions. 1.8 Contents of this report Although no academic examination of CCS in these respects has yet been undertaken, some remarks can be made in general about this mitigation option. 1.7.2.1 Potential barriers Technology transfer faces several barriers, including intellectual property rights, access to capital, etc. As with any new technology, CCS opens opportunities for proprietary rights. As it will rely on the development and/or integration of technologies, some of which are not yet used for such purposes, there is considerable scope for learning by doing. Several developing countries are already taking an active interest in this option, where they have national resources that would allow them to make use of this technique. For example, Deshun et al. (1998) have been looking at the related technique of CO2-EOR. Some of the key technologies will be developed by particular companies (as is occurring with wind power and solar photovoltaics) but will the intellectual property for CCS be accumulated in the hands of a few? CCS will involve both existing and future technologies, some of which will be proprietary. Will the owners of these rights to be willing to exploit their developments by licensing others to use them? At present it appears to be too early to answer these questions. This report provides an assessment of CO2 capture and storage as an option for the mitigation of climate change. The report does not cover the use of natural sinks to sequester carbon since this issue is covered in the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry report (IPCC, 2000b) and in IPCC’s Third Assessment Report (IPCC, 2001a). Given that the essential parts of CCS systems are based on established technology, it can be expected that it will be accessible to anyone who can afford it and wants to buy it. Several companies currently offer competing methods of capturing CO2; pipelines for CO2 and ships are constructed today by companies specializing in this type of equipment; the drilling of injection wells is standard practice in the oil and gas industry, and is carried out by many companies around the world. More specialist skills may be required to survey geological reservoirs; indeed, monitoring of CO2 underground is a very new application of seismic analysis. However, it is anticipated that, within a short space of time, these will become as widely available as other techniques derived from the international oil and gas industry. Making these technologies available to developing countries will pose similar challenges as those encountered with other modern technological developments. This shows the relevance of the UNFCCC declaration on technology transfer quoted above to ensure that developing countries have access to the option of CO2 capture and storage. There are many technical approaches which could be used for capturing CO2. They are examined in Chapter 3, with the exception of biological processes for fixation of CO2 from flue gases, which are not covered in this report. The main natural reservoirs which could, in principle, hold CO2 are geological formations and the deep ocean; they are discussed in Chapters 5 and 6 respectively. Other options for the storage and re-use of CO2 are examined in Chapter 7. 1.7.2.2 Potential users 25 In 1999, there were 20 developing countries that were each producing more than 1% of global oil production, 14 developing countries that were each producing more than 1% of global gas production, and 7 developing countries 26 CO emissions are rising rapidly in some developing countries; if 2 producing more than 1% of global coal production (BP, 2003). Chapter 2 considers the geographical correspondence of CO2 sources and potential storage reservoirs, a factor that will determine the cost-effectiveness of moving CO2 from the place where it is captured to the storage site. A separate chapter, Chapter 4, is dedicated to transporting CO2 from capture to storage sites. The overall cost of this technology and the consequences of including it in energy systems models are described in Chapter 8. Some of the other requirements outlined above, such as legality, applicable standards, regulation and public acceptance, are discussed in detail at the appropriate point in several of the chapters. Governments might also wish to know how this method of emission reduction would be taken into account in national inventories of greenhouse gas emissions. This area is discussed in Chapter 9. Government and industry alike will be interested in the accessibility of the technology, in methods of financing the plant and in whether assistance will be available For further discussion of using CCS with biomass, see Chapter 2.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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