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128 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Figure 3.12a Oxygen production by distillation of liquid air. Figure 3.12b A 3000 t day-1 oxygen plant (Courtesy of Air Products). temperatures above 500°C and preferably above 700°C (Skinner and Kilner 2003; Bouwmeester and Van Laar, 2002; Dyer et al., 2000; Bredesen et al., 2004). Typical crystal structures which exhibit these properties include the perovskites and the brownmillerites. The selectivity of these materials for oxygen is infinite. The oxygen permeability is primarily controlled by the oxygen ion vacancies in the metal oxide lattice. A difference in oxygen partial pressure across the membrane will cause oxygen molecules to ionize on the ceramic surface and pass into the crystal structure while simultaneously on the permeate side of the membrane, the oxygen ions give up their electrons and leave the ceramic in the region of lower activity. The electron conduction path is through the metal ions in the lattice. Unlike conventional membranes, the flux through the ceramic is a function of the partial pressure ratio. In the technical literature, the engineered structures of these ceramic mixed metal oxides are referred to as ion transport membranes, ITM or oxygen transport membranes, OTM. The oxygen transport membrane can be fabricated in the form of plain tubes or as hollow fins on a central collector tube (Armstrong et al., 2002). The finned elements are then mounted in tube sheets within a pressure vessel with high-pressure air flowing over the fins. There are several new concepts that have been proposed for using oxygen transport membranes in power cycles with CO2 capture. A prime example of an oxy-fuel gas turbine cycle that incorporates an oxygen transport membrane for oxygen production is the advanced zero emission power plant described in Section 3.4.2.3. Another example is found in Sundnes (1998). Development status Oxygen transport membrane systems for oxygen production are currently in the early stages of development by at least two consortia receiving research funding from the US Department of Energy and the European Commission. The concept has nowPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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