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Chapter 3: Capture of CO2 electric power plants quantifies the magnitude of CCS energy requirements for a range of proposed new plant designs with and without CO2 capture. As elaborated later in Section 3.7 (Tables 3.7 to 3.15), those data reveal a wide range of ∆E values. For new supercritical pulverized coal (PC) plants using current technology, these ∆E values range from 24-40%, while for natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) systems the range is 11%– 22% and for coal-based gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems it is 14%–25%. These ranges reflect the combined effects of the base plant efficiency and capture system energy requirements for the same plant type with and without capture. 3.6.1.3 Resource and emission impacts for current systems Only recently have the environmental and resource implications of CCS energy requirements been discussed and quantified for a variety of current CCS systems. Table 3.5 displays the assumptions and results from a recent comparison of three common fossil fuel power plants employing current technology to capture 90% of the CO2 produced (Rubin et al., 2005). Increases in specific fuel consumption relative to the reference plant without CO2 capture correspond directly to the ∆E values defined above. For these three cases, the plant energy requirement per kWh increases by 31% for the PC plant, 16% for the coal-based IGCC plant and 17% for the NGCC plant. For the specific examples used in Table 3.5, the increase in energy consumption for the PC and NGCC plants are in the mid-range of the values for these systems reported later in Tables 3.7 to 3.15 (see also Section 3.6.1.2), whereas the IGCC case is nearer the low end of the reported range for such systems. As a result of the increased energy input per kWh of output, additional resource requirements for the PC plant include proportionally greater amounts of coal, as well as limestone (consumed by the FGD system for SO2 control) and ammonia (consumed by the SCR system for NOx control). All three plants additionally require more sorbent make-up for the CO2 capture units. Table 3.5 also shows the resulting increases in solid residues for these three cases. In contrast, atmospheric emissions of CO2 decrease sharply as a result of the CCS systems, which also remove residual amounts of other acid gases, especially SO2 in flue gas streams. Thus, the coal combustion system shows a net reduction in SO2 emission rate as a result of CO2 capture. However, because of the reduction in plant efficiency, other air emission rates per kWh increase relative to the reference plants without capture. For the PC and NGCC systems, the increased emissions of ammonia are a result of chemical reactions in the amine-based capture process. Not included in this analysis are the incremental impacts of upstream operations such as mining, processing and transport of fuels and other resources. 2 Those additional energy requirements, if quantified, could be included by re- defining the system boundary and system efficiency terms in Equation (6) to apply to the full life cycle, rather than only the power plant. Such an analysis would require additional assumptions about the methods of fuel extraction, processing, transport to the power plant, and the associated energy requirements of those activities; as well as the CO2 losses incurred during storage. 143 energy requirements for CO2 capture systems.2 Recent literature on CO2 capture systems applied to Other studies, however, indicate that these impacts, while not insignificant, tend to be small relative to plant-level impacts (Bock et al., 2003). For the most part, the magnitude of impacts noted above - especially impacts on fuel use and solid waste production - is directly proportional to the increased energy per kWh resulting from the reduction in plant efficiency, as indicated by Equation (6). Because CCS energy requirements are one to two orders of magnitude greater than for other power plant emission control technologies (such as particulate collectors and flue gas desulphurization systems), the illustrative results above emphasize the importance of maximizing overall plant efficiency while controlling environmental emissions. The analysis above compared the impacts of CO2 capture for a given plant type based on current technology. The magnitude of actual future impacts, however, will depend on four important factors: (1) the performance of technologies available at the time capture systems are deployed; (2) the type of power plants and capture systems actually put into service; (3) the total capacity of each plant type that is deployed; and, (4) the characteristics and capacity of plants they may be replacing. 3.6.1.4 Resource and emission impacts of future systems Analyses of both current and near-future post-combustion, pre-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion capture technology options reveal that some of the advanced systems currently under development promise to significantly reduce the capture energy requirements - and associated impacts - while still reducing CO2 emissions by 90% or more, as shown in Figure 3.19. Data in this figure was derived from the studies previously reported in Figures 3.6 and 3.7. The timetable for deploying more efficient plants with CO2 capture will be the key determinant of actual environmental changes. If a new plant with capture replaces an older, less efficient and higher-emitting plant currently in service, the net change in plant-level emission impacts and resource requirements would be much smaller than the values given earlier (which compared identical new plants with and without Figure 3.19 Fuel use for a reduction of CO emissions from capture 2 plants (data presented from design studies for power plants with and without capture shown in Figures 3.6 and 3.7).PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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