PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 158
146 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage of Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Cost (BATNEEC). Carbon dioxide capture and compression processes are listed in several guidelines as gas-processing facilities. Typically the World Bank guidelines and other financial institutions have specific requirements to reduce risk and these require monitoring (World Bank, 1999) which is part of routine plant monitoring to detect accidental releases. Investor guidelines like the World Bank guidelines are particularly important for developing countries where there is less emphasis on monitoring and legislation. National and regional legislation for plant design and specifications from organizations like the US Environmental Protection Agency are available to guide the development of technology. 3.6.5 Commissioning, good practice during operations and sound management of chemicals The routine engineering design, commissioning and start-up activities associated with petrochemical facilities are applicable to the capture and compression of carbon dioxide; for example Hazard Operability studies are conducted on a routine basis for new facilities (Sikdar and Diwekar, 1999). The management of carbon dioxide and reagents inside factory battery limits will be in accordance with the relevant practices in use for carbon dioxide. For carbon dioxide, US Occupational Health and Safety Act standards and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommendations exist, which are applied widely in industry to guide safe handling of carbon dioxide and the same applies to reagents and catalysts used. Well established and externally audited management systems such as International Standards Organization’s ISO 14001 (environment) and ISO 9001 (quality) and Occupational Health and Safety (OHSAS 18000) exist to provide assurance that environment, safety, health and quality management systems are in place (American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1995). Tools like life-cycle assessment (ISO 14040 series) with the necessary boundary expansion methodology are useful to determine the overall issues associated with a facility and assist with selection of parameters such as energy carriers, operational conditions and materials used in the process. The life-cycle assessment will also indicate if a trouble-free capture system does generate environmental concerns elsewhere in the product life cycle. 3.6.6 Site closure and remediation It is not anticipated that carbon dioxide capture will result in a legacy of polluted sites requiring remediation after plant closure, assuming that standard operating procedures and management practices in the previous section are followed. However, depending on the technology used and the materials procured for operations, waste disposal at the facilities and operation according to a formal management system from construction, operation to the development of site closure plans will largely assist to reduce the risk of a polluted site after closure of operations. 3.7 Cost of CO2 capture This section of the report deals with the critical issue of CO2 capture costs. We begin with an overview of the many factors that affect costs and the ability to compare published estimates on a consistent basis. Different measures of CO2 capture cost also are presented and discussed. The literature on CO2 capture costs for currently available technologies is then reviewed, along with the outlook for future costs over the next several decades. 3.7.1 Factors affecting CO2 capture cost Published estimates for CO2 capture costs vary widely, mainly as a result of different assumptions regarding technical factors related to plant design and operation (e.g., plant size, net efficiency, fuel properties and load factor), as well as key economic and financial factors such as fuel cost, interest rates and plant lifetime. A number of recent papers have addressed this issue and identified the principal sources of cost differences and variability (Herzog, 1999; Simbeck, 1999; Rubin and Rao, 2003). This section draws heavily on Rubin and Rao (2003) to highlight the major factors affecting the cost of CO2 capture. Costs will vary with the choice of CO2 capture technology and the choice of power system or industrial process that generates the CO2 emissions. In engineering-economic studies of a single plant or CO2 capture technology, such definitions are usually clear. However, where larger systems are being analyzed, such as in regional, national or global studies of CO2 mitigation options, the specific technologies assumed for CO2 production and capture may be unclear or unspecified. In such cases, the context for reported cost results also may be unclear. 3.7.1.2 Defining the system boundary Any economic assessment should clearly define the ‘system’ whose CO2 emissions and cost is being characterized. The most common assumption in studies of CO2 capture is a single facility (most often a power plant) that captures CO2 and transports it to an off-site storage area such as a geologic formation. The CO2 emissions considered are those released at the facility before and after capture. Reported costs may or may not include CO2 transport and storage costs. The system boundary of interest in this section of the report includes only the power plant or other process of interest and does not include CO2 transport and storage systems, whose costs are presented in later chapters. CO2 compression, however, is assumed to occur within the facility boundary and therefore the cost of compression is included in the cost of capture.3 3 Alternatively, compression costs could be attributed wholly or in part to CO2 transport and storage. Most studies, however, include compression with capture cost. This also facilitates comparisons of capture technologies that operate at different pressures, and thus incur different costs to achieve a specified final pressure. 3.7.1.1 Defining the technology of interest In some studies the system boundary includes emissions ofPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
PDF Search Title:
CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGEOriginal File Name Searched:
srccs_wholereport.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)