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Chapter 5: Underground geological storage 203 Box 5.2 The In Salah, Algeria, CO2 Storage Project. The In Salah Gas Project, a joint venture among Sonatrach, BP and Statoil located in the central Saharan region of Algeria, is the world’s first large-scale CO2 storage project in a gas reservoir (Riddiford et al., 2003). The Krechba Field at In Salah produces natural gas containing up to 10% CO2 from several geological reservoirs and delivers it to markets in Europe, after processing and stripping the CO2 to meet commercial specifications. The project involves re-injecting the CO2 into a sandstone reservoir at a depth of 1800 m and storing up to 1.2 MtCO2 yr-1. Carbon dioxide injection started in April 2004 and, over the life of the project, it is estimated that 17 MtCO2 will be geologically stored. The project consists of four production and three injection wells (Figure 5.5). Long-reach (up to 1.5 km) horizontal wells are used to inject CO2 into the 5-mD permeability reservoir. The Krechba Field is a relatively simple anticline. Carbon dioxide injection takes place down-dip from the gas/water contact in the gas-bearing reservoir. The injected CO2 is expected to eventually migrate into the area of the current gas field after depletion of the gas zone. The field has been mapped with three-dimensional seismic and well data from the field. Deep faults have been mapped, but at shallower levels, the structure is unfaulted. The storage target in the reservoir interval therefore carries minimal structural uncertainty or risk. The top seal is a thick succession of mudstones up to 950 m thick. A preliminary risk assessment of CO2 storage integrity has been carried out and baseline data acquired. Processes that could result in CO2 migration from the injection interval have been quantified and a monitoring programme is planned involving a range of technologies, including noble gas tracers, pressure surveys, tomography, gravity baseline studies, microbiological studies, four-dimensional seismic and geomechanical monitoring. Figure 5.5 Schematic of the In Salah Gas Project, Algeria. One MtCO2 will be stored annually in the gas reservoir. Long-reach horizontal wells with slotted intervals of up to 1.5 km are used to inject CO2 into the water-filled parts of the gas reservoir. Opportunities for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) have MtCO2 is from anthropogenic sources, such as gas processing and fertiliser plants (Stevens et al., 2001b). The SACROC project in Texas was the first large-scale commercial CO2- EOR project in the world. It used anthropogenic CO2 during the period 1972 to 1995. The Rangely Weber project (Box 5.6) injects anthropogenic CO2 from a gas-processing plant in Wyoming. increased interest in CO2 storage (Stevens et al., 2001b; Figuur 5.5 Moberg et al., 2003; Moritis, 2003; Riddiford et al., 2003; Torp and Gale, 2003). Although not designed for CO2 storage, CO2-EOR projects can demonstrate associated storage of CO2, although lack of comprehensive monitoring of EOR projects (other than at the International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas (IEA-GHG) Weyburn Project in Canada) makes it difficult to quantify storage. In the United States, approximately 73 CO2- EOR operations inject up to 30 MtCO2 yr-1, most of which comes from natural CO2 accumulations – although approximately 3 In Canada, a CO2-EOR project has been established by EnCana at the Weyburn Oil Field in southern Saskatchewan (Box 5.3). The project is expected to inject 23 MtCO2 and extend the life of the oil field by 25 years (Moberg et al.,PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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