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202 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Box 5.1 The Sleipner Project, North Sea. The Sleipner Project, operated by Statoil in the North Sea about 250 km off the coast of Norway, is the first commercial- scale project dedicated to geological CO2 storage in a saline formation. The CO2 (about 9%) from Sleipner West Gas Field is separated, then injected into a large, deep, saline formation 800 m below the seabed of the North Sea. The Saline Aquifer CO2 Storage (SACS) project was established to monitor and research the storage of CO2. From 1995, the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme has worked with Statoil to arrange the monitoring and research activities. Approximately 1 MtCO2 is removed from the produced natural gas and injected underground annually in the field. The CO2 injection operation started in October 1996 and, by early 2005, more than 7 MtCO2 had been injected at a rate of approximately 2700 t day–1. Over the lifetime of the project, a total of 20 MtCO2 is expected to be stored. A simplified diagram of the Sleipner scheme is given in Figure 5.4. The saline formation into which the CO2 is injected is a brine-saturated unconsolidated sandstone about 800–1000 m below the sea floor. The formation also contains secondary thin shale layers, which influence the internal movement of injected CO2. The saline formation has a very large storage capacity, on the order of 1–10 GtCO2. The top of the formation is fairly flat on a regional scale, although it contains numerous small, low-amplitude closures. The overlying primary seal is an extensive, thick, shale layer. This project is being carried out in three phases. Phase-0 involved baseline data gathering and evaluation, which was completed in November 1998. Phase-1 involved establishment of project status after three years of CO2 injection. Five main project areas involve descriptions of reservoir geology, reservoir simulation, geochemistry, assessment of need and cost for monitoring wells and geophysical modelling. Phase-2, involving data interpretation and model verification, began in April 2000. The fate and transport of the CO2 plume in the storage formation has been monitored successfully by seismic time-lapse surveys (Figure 5.16). The surveys also show that the caprock is an effective seal that prevents CO2 migration out of the storage formation. Today, the footprint of the plume at Sleipner extends over an area of approximately 5 km2. Reservoir studies and simulations covering hundreds to thousands of years have shown that CO2 will eventually dissolve in the pore water, which will become heavier and sink, thus minimizing the potential for long-term leakage (Lindeberg and Bergmo, 2003). Figure 5.4 Simplified diagram of the Sleipner CO2 Storage Project. Inset: location and extent of the Utsira formation.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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