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234 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage It is common to use existing facilities for new CO2 projects to reduce capital costs, although physical restrictions are always present. Starting a CO2 flood in an old oil field can affect almost every process and facility (Jarrell et al., 2002); for example, (1) the presence of CO2 makes the produced water much more corrosive; (2) makeup water from new sources may interact with formation water to create new problems with scale or corrosion; (3) a CO2 flood may cause paraffins and asphaltenes to precipitate out of the oil, which can cause plugging and emulsion problems; and (4) the potentially dramatic increase in production caused by the flood could cause more formation fines to be entrained in the oil, potentially causing plugging, erosion and processing problems. 5.6 Monitoring and verification technology What actually happens to CO2 in the subsurface and how do we know what is happening? In other words, can we monitor CO2 once it is injected? What techniques are available for monitoring whether CO2 is leaking out of the storage formation and how sensitive are they? Can we verify that CO2 is safely and effectively stored underground? How long is monitoring needed? These questions are addressed in this section of the report. 5.6.1 Purposes for monitoring Monitoring is needed for a wide variety of purposes. Specifically, monitoring can be used to: • • • • • Ensure and document effective injection well controls, specifically for monitoring the condition of the injection well and measuring injection rates, wellhead and formation pressures. Petroleum industry experience suggests that leakage from the injection well itself, resulting from improper completion or deterioration of the casing, packers or cement, is one of the most significant potential failure modes for injection projects (Apps, 2005; Perry, 2005); Verify the quantity of injected CO2 that has been stored by various mechanisms; Optimize the efficiency of the storage project, including utilization of the storage volume, injection pressures and drilling of new injection wells; Demonstrate with appropriate monitoring techniques that CO2 remains contained in the intended storage formation(s). This is currently the principal method for assuring that the CO2 remains stored and that performance predictions can be verified; Detect leakage and provide an early warning of any seepage or leakage that might require mitigating action. Figure 5.23 Typical CO2 field operation setup: Weyburn surface facilities.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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