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280 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Figure 6.1 Illustration of some of the ocean storage strategies described in this chapter (Artwork courtesy Sean Goddard, University of Exeter.) Numerical models of the ocean indicate that placing CO2 in the deep ocean would isolate most of the CO2 from the atmosphere for several centuries, but over longer times the ocean and atmosphere would equilibrate. Relative to atmospheric release, direct injection of CO2 into the ocean could reduce maximum amounts and rates of atmospheric CO2 increase over the next several centuries. Direct injection of CO2 in the ocean would not reduce atmospheric CO2 content on the millennial time scale (Table 6.1; Figures 6.2 and 6.3; Hoffert et al., 1979; Kheshgi et al., 1994). table 6.1 Amount of additional CO2 residing in the ocean after atmosphere-ocean equilibration for different atmospheric stabilization concentrations. The uncertainty range represents the influence of climate sensitivity to a CO2 doubling in the range of 1.5 oC to 4.5 oC (Kheshgi et al., 2005; Kheshgi 2004a). This table considers the possibility of increased carbon storage in the terrestrial biosphere. Such an increase, if permanent, would allow a corresponding increase in total cumulative emissions. This table does not consider natural or engineered dissolution of carbonate minerals, which would increase ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon. The amount already in the oceans exceeds 500 GtCO2 (= 440 GtCO2 for 1994 (Sabine et al., 2004) plus CO2 absorption since that time). The long-term amount of CO2 stored in the deep ocean is independent of whether the CO2 is initially released to the atmosphere or the deep ocean. deeper than 3 km where CO2 is denser than sea water. Any of these approaches could in principle be used in conjunction with neutralization with carbonate minerals. Research, development and analysis of ocean CO2 storage concepts has progressed to consider key questions and issues that could affect the prospects of ocean storage as a response option to climate change (Section 6.2). Accumulated understanding of the ocean carbon cycle is being used to estimate how long CO2 released into the oceans will remain isolated from the atmosphere. Such estimates are used to assess the effectiveness of ocean storage concepts (Section 6.3). Atmospheric CO2 stabilization concentration (ppmv) total cumulative ocean + atmosphere CO2 release (GtCO2) Amount of anthropogenic CO2 stored in the ocean in equilibrium (GtCO2) 350 2880 ± 260 2290 ± 260 450 5890 ± 480 4530 ± 480 550 8350 ± 640 6210 ± 640 650 10,460 ± 750 7540 ± 750 750 12,330 ± 840 8630 ± 840 1000 16,380 ± 1000 10,730 ± 1000PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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