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286 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Box 6.2 Physical properties of CO2. The properties of CO2 in sea water affect its fate upon release to the deep-sea environment. The conditions under which CO2 can exist in a gas, liquid, solid hydrate, or aqueous phase in sea water are given in Figure 6.8 (see Annex I). At typical pressures and temperatures that exist in the ocean, pure CO2 would be a gas above approximately 500 m and a liquid below that depth. Between about 500 and 2700 m depth, liquid CO2 is lighter than sea water. Deeper than 3000 m, CO2 is denser than sea water. The buoyancy of CO2 released into the ocean determines whether released CO2 rises or falls in the ocean column (Figure 6.9). In the gas phase, CO2 is lighter than sea water and rises. In the liquid phase CO2 is a highly compressible fluid compared to sea water. A fully formed crystalline CO2 hydrate is denser than sea water and will form a sinking mass (Aya et al., 2003); hydrate formation can thus aid ocean CO2 storage by more rapid transport to depth, and by slowing dissolution. It may also create a nuisance by impeding flow in pipelines or at injectors. The formation of a solid CO2 hydrate (Sloan, 1998) is a dynamic process (Figure 6.10; Brewer et al., 1998, 1999, 2000) and the nature of hydrate nucleation in such systems is imperfectly understood. Exposed to an excess of sea water, CO2 will eventually dissolve forming an aqueous phase with density higher than surrounding sea water. Release of dense or buoyant CO2 – in a gas, liquid, hydrate or aqueous phase – would entrain surrounding sea water and form plumes that sink, or rise, until dispersed. Figure 6.8 CO2 sea water phase diagram. CO2 is stable in the liquid phase when temperature and pressure (increasing with ocean depth) fall in the region below the blue curve; a gas phase is stable under conditions above the blue dashed line. In contact with sea water and at temperature and pressure in the shaded region, CO2 reacts with sea water to from a solid ice-like hydrate CO2·6H2O. CO2 will dissolve in sea water that is not saturated with CO2. The red line shows how temperature varies with depth at a site off the coast of California; liquid and hydrated CO2 can exist below about 400 m (Brewer et al., 2004). Figure 6.9 Shallower than 2500 m, liquid CO2 is less dense than sea water, and thus tends to float upward. Deeper than 3000 m, liquid CO2 is denser than sea water, and thus tends to sink downwards. Between these two depths, the behaviour can vary with location (depending mostly on temperature) and CO2 can be neutrally buoyant (neither rises nor falls). Conditions shown for the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Figure 6.10 Liquid CO2 released at 3600 metres initially forms a liquid CO2 pool on the sea floor in a small deep ocean experiment (upper picture). In time, released liquid CO2 reacts with sea water to form a solid CO2 hydrate in a similar pool (lower picture).PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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