PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 307
Chapter 6: Ocean storage 295 6.4.3 CO2 lakes on the sea floor 6.5 injection technology and operations 6.5.1 Background The development of ocean storage technology is generally at a conceptual stage; thus, we will only discuss general principles. There has been limited engineering analysis and experimental studies of these conceptual technologies for ocean storage (Nihous, 1997), and no field-testing. No operational experience exists. Various technology concepts have been proposed to improve isolation from the atmosphere or diminish environmental consequences of CO2 injected into the ocean. Further research and development would be needed to make technologies available, but no major technical barriers are apparent. 6.5.2 Water column release Dispersal of liquid CO2 at a depth of 1000 m or deeper is technologically feasible. Since liquid CO2 may be relatively easily transported to appropriate depths, the preferred release mode is thought at this time to be as a liquid or dense gas phase (achieved by compression beyond its critical point, 72.8 bar at 31°C). The pipes that would carry this CO2 to the deep ocean would be similar to the pipes that have been used commercially on land to transport CO2 for use in CO2 enhanced oil recovery projects (Ozaki et al., 1997). Models (Liro et al., 1992, Drange and Haugan, 1992) predict that, with a properly designed diffuser, nearly all the CO2 would dissolve in the ocean within a 100 m of the injection depth. Then, this CO2-rich water would be diluted as it disperses, primarily horizontally along surfaces of constant density. Figure 6.21 Relationship between depth and sea floor area. Flow in ocean bottom boundary layers would need to be taken into account when selecting a site for a CO2 lake. Bottom friction and turbulence can enhance the dissolution rate and vertical transport of dissolved CO2 and lead to a short lifetime for the lake (Section 6.2.1.6). It has been suggested that CO2 lakes would be preferentially sited in relatively restricted depressions or in trenches on sea floor (Ohsumi, 1995). CO2 lakes must be on the sea floor at a depth below 3000 m (Figures 6.20 and 6.21), because the liquid CO2 must be denser than surrounding sea water (Box 6.2). These ocean general circulation model calculations did not consider interactions with CaCO3 sediments or marine biota. Increased CO2 concentrations in the ocean promote dissolution of CaCO3 sediments, which would tend to increase predicted CO2 retention. This has been modelled for the deep sea with results of greater retention for release in the Atlantic because of high CaCO3 inventory in Atlantic sediments (Archer et al., 1998). Preliminary numerical simulations of ocean CO2 injection predict increased oceanic retention of injected CO2 with concurrent global warming due to weaker overturning and a more stratified ocean (Jain and Cao, 2005). Some evidence indicates recent increases in stratification in all major ocean basins (e.g., Joos, 2003; McPhaden and Zhang, 2002; Palmer et al., 2004; Stramma et al., 2004). 6.4.4 Limestone neutralization The amounts of sea water and limestone required to neutralize the acidity of added CO2 indicate that limestone neutralization would be most suitable for CO2 point sources located near both the ocean and large deposits of limestone (Rau and Caldeira, 1999). Figure 6.20 Locations of ocean water at least 1 km and 3 km deep. Distance over land to water that is at least 3 km deep (Caldeira and Wickett, 2005). In general, land areas with the lightest colours would be the most-cost effective land-based settings for a CO2-injection operation. However, each potential site would need to be evaluated prior to deployment. Water column injection schemes typically envision minimizing local changes to ocean chemistry by producing aPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
PDF Search Title:
CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGEOriginal File Name Searched:
srccs_wholereport.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)