PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 319
Chapter 6: Ocean storage 307 baseline pH shifts by 0.2 to 0.4 pH-units expected from the WRE550 stabilization scenario already reach that magnitude of change. Additional long-term repeated large-scale global injection of 10% of the CO2 originating from 18,000 GtCO2 fossil fuel would cause an extension of these pH shifts from the surface ocean to significantly larger (deeper) fractions of the ocean by 2100 to 2300 (Figure 6.15). Finally, large-scale ocean disposal of all of the CO2 would lead to pH decreases of more than 0.3 and associated long-term effects in most of the ocean. Expected effects will include a reduction in the productivity of calcifying organisms leading to higher ratios of non-calcifiers over calcifiers (Pörtner et al., 2005). There are prohibitions in general against ocean disposal; historical concerns have generally focused on heavy metals, petroleum products, and toxic industrial chemicals and their breakdown products. Reduced capacities for growth, productivity, behaviours, and reduced lifespan imply a reduction in population densities and productivities of some species, if not reduced biodiversity. Food chain length and composition may be reduced associated with reduced food availability for high trophic levels. This may diminish resources for local or global fisheries. The suggested scenarios of functional depression also include a CO2 induced reduction in tolerance to thermal extremes, which may go hand in hand with reduced distribution ranges as well as enhanced geographical distribution shifts. All of these expectations result from extrapolations of current physiological and ecological knowledge and require verification in experimental field studies. The capacity of ecosystems to compensate or adjust to such CO2 induced shifts is also unknown. Continued research efforts could identify critical mechanisms and address the potential for adaptation on evolutionary time scales. A common contaminant in CO2 streams is H2S. There are very large sources of H2S naturally occurring in the ocean: many marine sediments are anoxic and contain large quantities of sulphides; some large ocean basins (the Black Sea, the Cariaco Trench etc.) are anoxic and sulphidic. As a result ocean ecosystems that have adapted to deal with sulphide and sulphur- oxidizing bacteria are common throughout the worlds oceans. Nonetheless the presence of H2S in the disposal stream would result in a lowering of local dissolved oxygen levels, and have an impact on respiration and performance of higher marine organisms. 6.7.5 Biological consequences associated with CO2 lakes Strategies that release liquid CO2 close to the sea floor will be affecting two ecosystems: the ecosystem living on the sea floor, and deep-sea ecosystem living in the overlying water. Storage as a topographically confined ‘CO2 lake’ would limit immediate large-scale effects of CO2 addition, but result in the mortality of most organisms under the lake that are not able to flee and of organisms that wander into the lake. CO2 will dissolve from the lake into the bottom water, and this will disperse around the lake, with effects similar to direct release of CO2 into the overlying water. According to the scenarios depicted in Figures 6.11 and 6.12 for CO2 releases near the sea floor, pH reductions expected in the near field are well within the scope of those expected to exert significant effect on marine biota, depending on the length of exposure. 6.7.6 Contaminants in CO2 streams The injection of large quantities of CO2 into the deep ocean will itself be the topic of environmental concern, so the matter of possible small quantities of contaminants in the injected material is of additional but secondary concern. In general there are already stringent limits on contaminants in CO2 streams due to human population concerns, and technical pipeline considerations. The setting of any additional limits for ocean disposal cannot be addressed with any certainty at this time. It may be possible to recover liquid CO2 from a lake on the ocean floor. The potential reversibility of the production of CO2 lakes might be considered a factor that diminishes risk associated with this option. 6.7.7 Risk management There is no peer-reviewed literature directly addressing risk management for intentional ocean carbon storage; however, there have been risk management studies related to other uses of the ocean. Oceanic CO2 release carries no expectation of risk of catastrophic atmospheric degassing such as occurred at Lake Nyos (Box 6.7). Risks associated with transporting CO2 to depth are discussed in Chapter 4 (Transport). 6.7.8 Social aspects; public and stakeholder perception The study of public perceptions and perceived acceptability of intentional CO2 storage in the ocean is at an early stage and comprises only a handful of studies (Curry et al., 2005; Gough et al., 2002; Itaoka et al., 2004; Palmgren et al., 2004). Issues crosscutting public perception of both geological and ocean storage are discussed in Section 5.8.5. All studies addressing ocean storage published to date have shown that the public is largely uninformed about ocean carbon storage and thus holds no well-developed opinion. There is very little awareness among the public regarding intentional or unintentional ocean carbon storage. For example, Curry et al. (2005) found that the public was largely unaware of the role of the oceans in absorbing anthropogenic carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere. In the few relevant studies conducted thus far, the public has expressed more reservations regarding ocean carbon CO2 storage than for geological CO2 storage. Education can affect the acceptance of ocean storage options. In a study conducted in Tokyo and Sapporo, Japan (Iatoka et al, 2004), when members of the public, after receiving some basic information, were asked to rate ocean and geologic storage options on a 1 to 5 scale (1 = no, 5 = yes) the mean rating for dilution-type ocean storage was 2.24, lake-type ocean storage was rated at 2.47, onshore geological storage was rated at 2.57, and offshore geological storage was rated atPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
PDF Search Title:
CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGEOriginal File Name Searched:
srccs_wholereport.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |