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Chapter 7: Mineral carbonation and industrial uses of carbon dioxide 321 ExECutivE SuMMARy This Chapter describes two rather different options for carbon dioxide (CO2) storage: (i) the fixation of CO2 in the form of inorganic carbonates, also known as ‘mineral carbonation’ or ‘mineral sequestration’, and (ii) the industrial utilization of CO2 as a technical fluid or as feedstock for carbon containing chemicals. and recycled using external energy sources. The resulting carbonated solids must be stored at an environmentally suitable location. The technology is still in the development stage and is not yet ready for implementation. The best case studied so far is the wet carbonation of the natural silicate olivine, which costs between 50 and 100 US$/tCO2 stored and translates into a 30-50% energy penalty on the original power plant. When accounting for the 10-40% energy penalty in the capture plant as well, a full CCS system with mineral carbonation would need 60-180% more energy than a power plant with equivalent output without CCS. In the case of mineral carbonation (see Section 7.2), captured CO2 is reacted with metal-oxide bearing materials, thus forming the corresponding carbonates and a solid byproduct, silica for example. Natural silicate minerals can be used in artificial processes that mimic natural weathering phenomena, but also alkaline industrial wastes can be considered. The products of mineral carbonation are naturally occurring stable solids that would provide storage capacity on a geological time scale. Moreover, magnesium and calcium silicate deposits are sufficient to fix the CO2 that could be produced from the combustion of all fossil fuels resources. To fix a tonne of CO2 requires about 1.6 to 3.7 tonnes of rock. From a thermodynamic viewpoint, inorganic carbonates represent a lower energy state than CO2; hence the carbonation reaction is exothermic and can theoretically yield energy. However, the kinetics of natural mineral carbonation is slow; hence all currently implemented processes require energy intensive preparation of the solid reactants to achieve affordable conversion rates and/or additives that must be regenerated The industrial use of CO2 (see Section 7.3) as a gas or a liquid or as feedstock for the production of chemicals could contribute to keeping captured CO2 out of the atmosphere by storing it in anthropogenic carbon products. Industrial uses provide a carbon sink, as long as the pool size keeps growing and the lifetime of the compounds produced is long. Neither prerequisite is fulfilled in practice, since the scale of CO2 utilization is small compared to anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and the lifetime of the chemicals produced is too short with respect to the scale of interest in CO2 storage. Therefore, the contribution of industrial uses of captured CO2 to the mitigation of climate change is expected to be small.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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