PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 344
332 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage The application of this framework to the assessment of CO2 utilization processes is discussed in more detail later in this chapter. First, however, we will examine current uses of CO2 in industrial processes and their potential for long-term CO2 storage. 7.3.2 Present industrial uses of carbon dioxide Chapter 2 for more details about CO2 sources). A large proportion of all CO2 recovered is used at the point of production to make further chemicals of commercial importance, chiefly urea and methanol. The CO2 recovered for other commercial uses is purified, liquefied, delivered and stored mostly as a liquid, typically at 20 bar and –18°C (Pierantozzi, 2003). Table 7.2 shows the worldwide production and CO2 usage rates for the major chemical or industrial applications currently using CO2 (excluding enhanced oil recovery, which is dealt with in Chapter 5). The approximate lifetime of stored carbon before it is degraded to CO2 that is emitted to the atmosphere is also shown. Such values mean that the fraction of the CO2 used to produce the compounds in the different chemical classes or for the different applications, which is still stored after the period of time indicated in the last column of Table 7.2 drops to zero. 7.3.3 New processes for CO2 abatement 7.3.3.1 Organic chemicals and polymers A number of possible new process routes for the production of chemicals and polymers have been considered in which CO2 is used as a substitute for other C1 building blocks, such as carbon monoxide, methane and methanol. The use of CO2, an inert gas whose carbon is in a highly oxidized state, requires development of efficient catalytic systems and, in general, the use of additional energy for CO2 reduction. Chemicals that have been considered include polyurethanes and polycarbonates, where the motivation has primarily been to avoid the use of phosgene because of its extreme toxicity, rather than to find a sink for CO2. The proposed processes can have a lower overall energy consumption than the current phosgene-based routes leading to further CO2 emission reductions. Current world consumption of polycarbonates is about 2.7 Mt yr–1. If all polycarbonate production was converted to CO2-based processes the direct consumption of CO2 would be about 0.6 MtCO2yr-1. Some CO2 Carbon dioxide is a valuable industrial gas with a large number of uses that include production of chemicals, for example urea, refrigeration systems, inert agent for food packaging, beverages, welding systems, fire extinguishers, water treatment processes, horticulture, precipitated calcium carbonate for the paper industry and many other smaller-scale applications. Large quantities of carbon dioxide are also used for enhanced oil recovery, particularly in the United States (see Section 5.3.2). Accordingly, there is extensive technical literature dealing with CO2 uses in industry and active research groups are exploring new or improved CO2 utilization processes. Much of the carbon dioxide used commercially is recovered from synthetic fertilizer and hydrogen plants, using either a chemical or physical solvent scrubbing system (see Section 3.5.2). Other industrial sources of CO2 include the fermentation of sugar (dextrose) used to produce ethyl alcohol: C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (3) Industrial CO2 is also produced from limekilns, such as those used in the production of sodium carbonate and in the Kraft wood pulping process. This involves the heating (calcining) of a raw material such as limestone: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 (4) In some parts of the world, such as the United States, Italy, Norway and Japan, some CO2 is extracted from natural CO2 wells. It is also recovered during the production and treatment of raw natural gas that often contains CO2 as an impurity (see table 7.2 Industrial applications of CO2 (only products or applications at the Mtonne-scale): yearly market, amount of CO2 used, its source, and product lifetime (Aresta and Tommasi, 1997; Hallman and Steinberg, 1999; Pelc et al., 2005). The figures in the table are associated with a large uncertainty. Chemical product class or application yearly market (Mt yr-1) Amount of CO2 used per Mt product (MtCO2) Source of CO2 Lifetimeb Urea 90 65 Industrial Six months Methanol (additive to CO) 24 <8 Industrial Six months Inorganic carbonates 8 3 Industrial, Naturala Decades to centuries Organic carbonates 2.6 0.2 Industrial, Naturala Decades to centuries Polyurethanes 10 <10 Industrial, Naturala Decades to centuries Technological 10 10 Industrial, Naturala Days to years Food 8 8 Industrial, Naturala Months to years a Natural sources include both geological wells and fermentation. b The fraction of used CO2 that is still stored after the indicated period of time drops to zero.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
PDF Search Title:
CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGEOriginal File Name Searched:
srccs_wholereport.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)