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334 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage the total yearly CO2 consumption. Moreover, the contribution to the storage of carbon – on a yearly basis for instance – does not correspond to the size of the pool, but to its size variation on a yearly basis, or in general on its rate of change that might be positive (increase of carbon storage and reduction of CO2 emissions) or negative (decrease of carbon storage and increase of CO2 emissions) depending on the evolution of the markets and of the distribution systems (see also Box 7.2 for a quantitative example). Data on the amount of carbon stored as inventory of these materials in the supply chain and on the rate of change of this amount is not available, but the figures in Table 7.2 and the analysis above indicate that the quantity of captured carbon that could be stored is very small compared with total anthropogenic carbon emissions. Thus, the use of captured CO2 in industrial processes could have only a minute (if any) effect on reduction of net CO2 emissions. fossil fuel in a chemical process, for example a hydrocarbon, with captured CO2 is sometimes possible, but does not affect the overall carbon budget, thus CO2 does not replace the fossil fuel feedstock. The hydrocarbon has in fact two functions – it provides energy and it provides carbon as a building block. The CO2 fails to provide energy, since it is at a lower energy level than the hydrocarbon (see Box 7.3). The energy of the hydrocarbon is often needed in the chemical process and, as in the production of most plastics, it is embodied in the end product. Alternatively, the energy of the hydrocarbon is available and likely to be utilized in other parts of the process, purification, pretreatment for example, or in other processes within the same plant. If this energy is missing, since CO2 is used as carbon source, it has to be replaced somehow to close the energy balance of the plant. As long as the replacement energy is provided from fossil fuels, net CO2 emissions will remain unchanged. It is worth noting that an economy with large non-fossil energy resources could consider CO2 feedstocks to replace hydrocarbons in chemical synthesis. Such approaches are not covered here, since they are specific examples of converting to non-fossil energy and as such are driven by the merits of the new energy source rather than by the need for capture and storage of CO2. 7.3.5 Future scope The scale of the use of captured CO2 in industrial processes is too small, the storage times too short and the energy balance too unfavourable for industrial uses of CO2 to become significant as a means of mitigating climate change. There is a lack of data available to adequately assess the possible overall CO2 inventory of processes that involve CO2 substitution with associated energy balances and the effects of changes in other feedstocks As to the second point, the duration of CO2 storage in the carbon chemical pool and typical lifetime of the CO2 consuming chemicals when in use before being degraded to CO2 that is emitted to the atmosphere, are given in the last column of Table 7.2 Rather broad ranges are associated with classes of compounds consisting of a variety of different chemicals. The lifetime of the materials produced that could use captured CO2 could vary from a few hours for a fuel such as methanol, to a few months for urea fertilizer, to decades for materials such as plastics and laminates, particularly those materials used in the construction industry. This indicates that even when there is a net storage of CO2 as discussed in the previous paragraph, the duration of such storage is limited. As to the last point, the extent of emission mitigation provided by the use of captured CO2 to produce the compounds in the carbon chemical pool. Replacing carbon derived from a Box 7.2 Carbon chemical pool. The carbon chemical pool is the ensemble of anthropogenic carbon containing organic chemicals. This box aims to provide criteria for measuring the quantitative impact on carbon mitigation of such a pool. If this impact were significant, using carbon from CO2 could be an attractive storage option for captured CO2. Considering a specific chemical A, whose present worldwide production is 12 Mt yr–1, whose worldwide inventory is 1 Mt – the monthly production – and whose lifetime before degradation to CO2 and release to the atmosphere is less than one year. If next year production and inventory of A do not change, the contribution to CO2 storage of this member of the chemical pool will be null. If production increased by a factor ten to 120 Mt yr–1, whereas inventory were still 1 Mt, again the contribution of A to CO2 storage would be null. If on the contrary next year production increases and inventory also increases, for example to 3 Mt, to cope with increased market demand, the contribution of A to CO2 storage over the year will be equivalent to the amount of CO2 stoichiometrically needed to produce 2 Mt of A. However, if due to better distribution policies and despite increased production, the worldwide inventory of A decreased to 0.7 Mt, then A would yield a negative contribution to CO2 storage, thus over the year the amount of CO2 stoichiometrically needed to produce 0.3 Mt of A would be additionally emitted to the atmosphere. Therefore, the impact on carbon dioxide mitigation of the carbon chemical pool does not depend on the amounts of carbon containing chemical products produced; there is CO2 emission reduction in a certain time only if the pool has grown during that time. With increasing production, such impact can be positive or negative, as shown above. It is clear that since this would be a second or third order effect with respect to the overall production of carbon containing chemicals – itself much smaller in terms of fossil fuel consumption than fossil fuel combustion – this impact will be insignificant compared with the scale of the challenge that carbon dioxide capture and storage technologies have to confront.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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