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348 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage table 8.3b Range of total costs for CO2 capture, transport, and geological storage based on current technology for a new hydrogen production plant. Hydrogen Production Plant Cost of H2 without CCS (US$ GJ-1) 6.5-10.0 Hydrogen plant with capture Increased fuel requirement (%) 4-22 CO2 captured (kg GJ-1) 75-160 CO2 avoided (kg GJ-1) 60-150 % CO2 avoided 73-96 Hydrogen plant with capture and geological storage8 Cost of H2 (US$ GJ-1) 7.6-14.4 H2 cost increase (US$ GJ-1) 0.4-4.4 % increase 6-54 Mitigation cost (US$/tCO2 avoided) 3-75 Mitigation cost (US$ tC avoided) 10-280 Hydrogen plant with capture and enhanced oil recovery9 Cost of H2 (US$ GJ-1) 5.2-12.9 H2 cost increase (US$ GJ-1) (-2.0)-2.8 % increase (-28)-28 Mitigation cost (US$/tCO2 avoided) (-14)-49 Mitigation cost (US$/tC avoided) (-53)-180 8.3 CCS deployment scenarios Energy-economic models seek the mathematical representation of key features of the energy system in order to represent the evolution of the system under alternative assumptions, such as population growth, economic development, technological change, and environmental sensitivity. These models have been employed increasingly to examine how CCS technologies would deploy in a greenhouse gas constrained environment. In this section we first provide a brief introduction to the types of energy and economic models and the main assumptions driving future greenhouse gas emissions and the corresponding measures to reduce them. We then turn to the principal focus of this section: an examination of the literature based on studies using these energy and economic models, with an emphasis on what they say about the potential use of CCS technologies. 8.3.1 Model approaches and baseline assumptions The modelling of climate change abatement or mitigation scenarios is complex and a number of modelling techniques have been applied, including input-output models, macroeconomic (top-down) models, computable general equilibrium (CGE) models and energy-sector-based engineering models (bottom-up). table 8.4 Mitigation cost for different combinations of reference and CCS plants based on current technology and new power plants. NGCC Reference Plant PC Reference Plant uS$/tCO2 avoided uS$/tC avoided uS$/tCO2 avoided uS$/tC avoided Power plant with capture and geological storage NGCC 40-90 140-330 20-60 80-220 PC 70-270 260-980 30-70 110-260 IGCC 40-220 150-790 20-70 80-260 Power plant with capture and EOR NGCC 20-70 70-250 1-30 4-130 PC 50-240 180-890 10-40 30-160 IGCC 20 – 190 80 – 710 1 – 40 4 – 160 8 Capture costs represent range from Table 3.11. Transport costs range from 0–5 US$/tCO2. Geological storage costs (including monitoring) range from 0.6–8.3 US$/tCO2. 9 Capture costs represent range from Table 3.11. Transport costs range from 0–5 US$/tCO2. EOR credits range from 10–16 US$/tCO2.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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