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368 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage fig 9-1 CO2 emissions resulting from additional energy requirements for capture CO2 emissions resulting from additional energy requirements for transport CO2 emissions during transport (fugitive) Transport CO2 emissions resulting from additional energy requirements for injection CO2 emissions during injection (fugitive) Leakage from storage Storage CO2 emissions during imperfect capture CO2 from pre or post-combustion or processing Capture Figure 9.1 Simplified flow diagram of possible CO2 emission sources during CCS occur’. This approach is followed here when addressing the sectors under which the specific phases of the CCS systems could be reported. The reporting of emissions/removals associated with CO2 capture, transportation, injection and storage processes should be described clearly to fulfil the requirement of transparent reporting. and storage site characteristics. Emissions from some of these sources are probably very small, sometimes even insignificant, but to guarantee an appropriate completeness12 of the national inventory, it is necessary to evaluate their contribution. • Spatial boundaries: National inventories include greenhouse gas emissions and removals taking place within national (including administered) territories and offshore areas over which that country has jurisdiction. Some of the emissions and removals of CCS systems could occur outside the areas under the jurisdiction of the reporting country, an aspect that requires additional consideration and is addressed mainly in Section 9.3. Some important considerations relative to the source categories and emissions included in Table 9.1 are the following: • Capture, transportation and injection of CO2 into storage • Temporal boundaries: Inventories are prepared on a calendar year basis. Some aspects of CCS systems (such as the amount of CO2 captured or fugitive emissions from transportation) could easily be incorporated into an annual reporting system (yearly estimates would be required). However, other emissions (for example, physical leakage of CO2 from geological storage) can occur over a very long period after the injection has been completed - time frames range from hundreds to even millions of years (see further discussion in Section 9.3). requires energy (the additional energy requirements have been addressed in previous chapters). Greenhouse gas emissions from this energy use are covered by the methodologies and reporting framework in the IPCC Guidelines and GPG2000. Additional methodologies and emission factors can be found in other extensive literature, such as EEA (2001) and US EPA (199, 2000). Where capture processes take place at the fuel production site, the emissions from the fuel used in the capture process may not be included in the national statistics. Additional methods to cover emissions from this source may be needed. In the current reporting framework, emissions from the additional energy requirements would not be linked to the CCS system. Table 9.1 lists potential sources and emissions of greenhouse gases in the different phases of a CCS system and their relationship with the framework for the reporting (sectors, categories and sub-categories) of the IPCC Guidelines. The relative importance of these potential sources for the national greenhouse inventory can vary from one CCS project to another, depending on factors such as capture technologies • Fugitive emissions from CCS systems can occur during capture, compression, liquefaction, transportation and injection of CO2 to the storage reservoir. A general framework for estimation of fugitive emissions is included in the IPCC Guidelines in the Energy sector. The estimation and reporting of fugitive emissions from CCS need further 12 Completeness means that an inventory covers all sources and sinks, as well as all gases included in the IPCC Guidelines and also other existing relevant source/sink categories specific to individual Parties, and therefore may not be included in the IPCC Guidelines. Completeness also means full geographic coverage of sources and sinks of a Party (FCCC/CP/1999/7).PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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