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Chapter 9: Implications of carbon dioxide capture and storage for greenhouse gas inventories and accounting 369 table 9.1 Potential sources and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the general phases of a CCS system. IPCC guidelines Emissions Capture transportation (b) Injection Storage (c) Sector (a) Source category (a) 1Energy GHG emissions from stationary combustion 1A1; 1A2 CO2, CH, N2O, NOx, CO, NMVOCs, SO2 • • 1Energy GHG emissions from mobile combustion Water-borne navigation 1A3di (d) 1A3dii (e) CO2, CH, N2O, NOx, CO, NMVOCs, SO2 • Other transportation (pipeline transportation) 1A3ei CO2, CH, N2O, NOx, CO, NMVOCs, SO2 • 1Energy Fugitive emissions from fuels 1B Oil and natural gas 1B2 (f) CO2; CH; N2O NMVOCs • • 2Industrial processes (excluding emissions from fuel combustion) Mineral products 2A (e.g., cement) CO2, SO2 • • Chemical industry 2B (e.g., ammonia) CO2, NMVOCs, CO, SO2 • • Metal production 2C (e.g., iron and steel) CO2, NOx, NMVOCs, CO, SO2 • • Other production 2D (e.g. food and drink) CO2, NMVOCs • • 6Waste Industrial wastewater handling 6B1 CH • Fugitive CO2 emissions from capture, transpor- tation and injection processes (g) Normal operations CO2 • • • Repair and maintenance CO2 • • • Systems upsets and accidental discharges CO2 • • • a) IPCC source/sink category numbering (see also IPCC (1997), Vol.1, Common Reporting Framework). b) Emissions from transportation include both GHG emissions from fossil fuel use and fugitive emissions of CO2 from pipelines and other equipment/processes. Besides ships and pipelines, limited quantities of CO2 could be transported by railway or by trucks, source categories identified in the IPCC Guidelines/ GPG2000. c) Long-term physical leakage of stored CO2 is not covered by the existing framework for reporting of emissions in the IPCC Guidelines. Different potential options exist to report these emissions in the inventories (for example, in the relevant sectors/categories producing the emissions, creating a separate and new category for the capture, transportation and/or storage industry). No conclusion can yet be made on the most appropriate reporting option taking into account the different variants adopted by the CCS systems. d) International Marine (Bunkers). Emissions based on fuel sold to ships engaged in international transport should not be included in national totals but reported separately under Memo Items. e) National Navigation. f) Emissions related to the capture (removal) of CO2 in natural gas processing installations to improve the heating valued of the gas or to meet pipeline specifi- cations. g) AgeneralframeworkforestimationoffugitiveemissionsisincludedintheIPCCGuidelinesintheEnergysector.However,estimationandreportingof fugitive emissions from CCS needs further elaboration of the methodologies.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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