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Chapter 9: Implications of carbon dioxide capture and storage for greenhouse gas inventories and accounting 371 No methodologies for estimation of fugitive emission from ship, rail or road transportation are included in the IPCC Guidelines. 9.2.2.3 Storage literature about possible modes and rates of physical leakage of CO2 from mineral carbonation, probably because investigations in this field have been largely theoretical character (for example, Goldberg et al., 2000). However, the carbonate produced would be unlikely to release CO2. Before and during the carbonation process, some amount of gas could escape into the atmosphere. Some estimates of CO2 emissions (physical leakage rates) from geological and ocean storage are given in Chapters and 6. Physical leakage rates are estimated to be very small for geological formations chosen with care. In oil reservoirs and coal seams, storage times could be significantly altered if exploitation or mining activities in these fields are undertaken after CO2 storage. Some of the CO2 injected into oceans would be released to the atmosphere over a period of hundreds to thousands of years, depending on the depth and location of injection. The net benefits of mineral carbonation processes would depend on the total energy use in the chain from capture to storage. The general framework discussed above for CCS systems can also be applied in preparing inventories of emissions from these processes. The emissions from the additional energy requirements would be seen in the energy sector under the current reporting framework. The amount of CO2 captured and mineralized could be reported in the category where the capture takes place, or as a specific category addressing mineral carbonation, or in the sector ‘Other’. The amount of CO2 injected or stored could be easily measured in many CCS systems. Estimation of physical leakage rates would require the development of new methodologies. Very limited data are available in relation to the physical leakage of CO2. 9.2.2.5 Industrial uses Most industrial uses of CO2 result in release of the gas to the atmosphere, often after a very short time period. Because of the short ‘storage times’, no change may be required in the inventory systems provided they are robust enough to avoid possible double counting or omission of emissions. The benefits of these systems are related to the systems they substitute for, and the relative net efficiencies of the alternate systems. Comparison of the systems would need to take into account the whole cycle from capture to use of CO2. As an example, methanol production by CO2 hydrogenation could be a substitute for methanol production from fossil fuels, mainly natural gas. The impacts of the systems are in general covered by current inventory systems, although they are not addressed explicitly, because the emissions and emission reductions are related to relative energy use (reduction or increase depending on the process alternatives). 9.2.3 Monitoring, verification and uncertainties Despite the essential differences in the nature of the physical processes of CO2 retention in oceans, geological formations, saline aquifers and mineralized solids, the mass of CO2 stored over a given time interval can be defined by the Equation 1. T CO2 stored= ∫ (CO2 injected(t) – CO2 emitted(t)dt O (1) where t is time and T is the length of the assessment time period. Use of this simple equation requires estimates or measurements of the injected CO2 mass and either default values of the amount of CO2 emitted from the different storage types, or rigorous source-specific evaluation of mass escaped CO2. This approach would be possible when accurate measurements of mass of injected and escaped CO2 are applied on site. Thus, for monitoring possible physical leakage of CO2 from geological formations, direct measurement methods for CO2 detection, geochemical methods and tracers, or indirect measurement methods for CO2 plume detection could be applied (see Section 5.6, Monitoring and verification technology). In cases where industrial use of CO2 would lead to more long-term carbon storage in products, inventory methodologies would need to be tailored case by case. Physical leakage of CO2 from storage could be defined as follows (Equation 2): The IPCC Guidelines and good practice reports give guidance on monitoring, verification and estimation of uncertainties, as well as on quality assurance and quality control measures. General guidance is given on how to plan monitoring, what to monitor and how to report on results. The purpose of verifying national inventories is to establish their reliability and to check the accuracy of the reported numbers by independent means. T Emissions of CO2 from storage= ∫ m(t)dt O (2) where m(t) is the mass of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere per unit of time and T is the assessment time period. This addresses physical leakage that might occur in a specific timeframe after the injection, perhaps far into the future. The issue is discussed further in Section 9.3. Mineral carbonation of CO2 captured from power plants and industrial processes is discussed in Chapter 7. These processes are still under development and aim at permanent fixation of the CO2 in a solid mineral phase. There is no discussion in the Section 5.6, on monitoring and verification technology, assesses the current status of monitoring and verification techniques for CCS systems. The applicability of monitoring techniques as well as associated detection limits and uncertainties vary greatly depending on the type and specific characteristics of the CCS projects. There is insufficient experience in monitoring CCS projects to allow conclusions to be drawn on physical leakage rates. 9.2.2.4 Mineral carbonationPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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