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ANNEX A Taxonomy of Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies and Associated Risks Carbon dioxide removal technologies may involve a range of environmental, socioeconomic, and economic risks. Environmental risks, for example, range from potential damage to natural ecosystems and biodiversity loss to food insecurity and production of non-CO2 gases. Here we outline these risks for the major CDR technologies discussed in this paper. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) BECCS is the process of growing biomass, such as switchgrass, which captures carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, burning it to produce electricity or liquid fuels, and capturing the carbon dioxide emissions associated with combustion for underground storage.33 BECCS poses a series of environmental and socioeconomic risks due to its land and water requirements. Large-scale deployment can displace natural ecosystems, such as forests and grasslands, damaging wildlife and resulting in significant biodiversity loss.34 Similarly, large-scale deployment can decrease land availability for food production, resulting in increased prices and regional shortages.35 At the same time, BECCS can strain freshwater resources, contributing to water scarcity and negatively affecting freshwater ecosystems. Whether BECCS is carbon negative, neutral, or positive is case-dependent. Factors to consider include emissions and changes to albedo from land-use change; competition with reforestation or afforestation; nitrous oxide emissions from nitrogen fertilizer use; transportation emissions if the growing and processing sites are not co-located; carbon losses during capture; and potential leakage from geological storage.36 33 See, for example, European Academies Science Advisory Council, “Negative Emissions Technologies: What Role in Meeting Paris Agreement Targets?” (Halle, Germany: GermanNational Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, 2018). 34 Phil Williamson, “Comment: Scrutinize CO2Removal Methods” Nature 530 (2016). 35 Sivan Kartha and Kate Dooley, “The Risks of Relying on Tomorrow’s ‘Negative Emissions’ to Guide Today’s Mitigation Action” (Sommerville, Massachusetts: Stockholm Environment Institute, 2016). 36 Committee on Geoengineering Climate et al., “Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration” (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2015); Pete Smith et al., “Biophysical and Economic Limits to Negative CO2Emissions” Nature Climate Change 6 (2016); Mark G. Lawrence et al., “Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals” Nature Communications 9 (2018). 23PDF Image | Carbon Removal Final Report
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