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Figure 5: Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies and Selected Concerns Biochar Biochar results from the process of heating biomass under low-oxygen conditions (pyrolysis) and serves as a carbon-rich and decomposition-resistant additive to soils that can improve agricultural yield.37 There is broad disagreement about the climate, environmental, and socioeconomic benefits and risks of biochar production and burial.38 Climate-related concerns include emissions from land-use change; albedo change due to the effect of darkened soil; the variability of biochar stability; the question of whether biomass sites are co-located with pyrolysis sites; and the competition between biochar and other land- based negative emissions techniques, such as BECCS, for land and water resources (whether BECCS or biochar is more climate-effective is case-dependent). Meanwhile, environmental and socioeconomic concerns include the potential for land-intensiveness (which is typically low but varies), as well as the effect of particulate matter, which biochar can release during production, transport, and distribution, on air quality.39 Food insecurity is likewise a concern due to the potential for land competition with food production.40 Ocean Iron Fertilization (OIF) 37 European Academies Science Advisory Council, “Negative Emissions Technologies.” 38 Kartha and Dooley, “The Risks of Relying on Tomorrow’s ‘Negative Emissions’ to Guide Today’s Mitigation Action”; Jan C. Minx et al., “Negative emissions—Part 1: Research landscape and synthesis” Environmental Research Letters 13 (2018). 39 Pete Smith and Julio Friedmann, “Bridging the Gap: Carbon Dioxide Removal” in The Emissions Gap Report (United Nations Environment Programme, 2017). 40 Committee on Geoengineering Climate et al., “Climate Intervention.” 24PDF Image | Carbon Removal Final Report
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