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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The capture and utilization of CO2 and other carbon oxides emitted from power generation and industrial facilities has been technologically feasible for generations and has gained greater attention in recent years as a tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Captured carbon can be stored in geologic formations, or used either to produce oil from depleted wells through the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process (which sequesters the CO2 underground), or in the creation of a variety of products. These measures generate revenue that can partially offset the costs associated with capture. Because EOR is already widely practiced, it is not considered by this report. Instead, the focus is on non-EOR utilization of captured carbon, which offers the potential to significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Pathways include the production of construction materials, fuels, plastics, chemicals, and algae-based products (e.g., fuels, animal feed, and fertilizers). Each of these sectors, along with their potential for market growth is explored herein. Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) includes the use of all carbon oxides, including CO2 and carbon monoxide (CO), that would displace the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The alternative term “CO2U” applies to technologies that use only CO2 specifically. Other broad terms for utilization include “carbon recycling” and “carbontech.” While non-EOR carbon utilization does not, at present, greatly contribute to greenhouse gas reduction it offers significant potential to do so in the coming decades, given advances in technology, wider commercialization, and sup- portive government policies. CCU may be an especially useful tool for decarbonizing certain industrial sectors and providing an option in locations where either social issues or land constraints do not allow for other types of carbon disposition. Also, the continued development of CCU technologies may help drive carbon capture innovation gener- ally, making broader greenhouse gas reductions possible. Numerous government agencies, non-governmental entities, and academic institutions have recently considered the potential development of carbon utilization and how government polices might encourage it. Rather than duplicate that body of research, this report seeks to provide an overview of options, growth and greenhouse gas reduction potential summarized by use category. CARBON UTILIZATION PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES As to particular sectors, construction materials that rely on CO2 utilization today represent the most widespread of all non-EOR CCU sectors and are projected to continue growing as market preferences for low-carbon materials expand. However, prescriptive standards for products like concrete are a significant challenge to the wider acceptance of CO2-based materials. Low-carbon aggregates (the gravel, sand, or crushed stone used with cement to form concrete) do not face the same hurdle to market entry, but they are not currently competitive purely on price, and so would require some form of policy support. Taken together, low-carbon construction materials (including aggregates) offer the greatest prospects for growth in both market value and greenhouse gas reduction potential. Low-carbon fuels, chemicals, and plastics are diverse categories of products that are considered together here because their production processes have similarities. Conversion of CO2 to fuels and chemicals often entails adding hydrogen to the carbon in CO2. Developing catalytic, electrochemical, photolytic and other processes that can facilitate this type of reaction and generate products inexpensively is an important research priority. Advancing these processes to operate at commercial scale represents a significant technical challenge. CARBON UTILIZATION—A VITAL AND EFFECTIVE PATHWAY FOR DECARBONIZATION vPDF Image | Carbon Utilization
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