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III. CARBON UTILIZATION’S SECTORS AND TECHNOLOGIES CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Construction materials represent a large, near-term opportunity for carbon utilization, principally through cement and aggregate (the gravel, sand, or crushed stone used with cement to form concrete). The current global market for concrete is around 30 billion tons and is estimated to grow to about 40 billion tons by 2030. Similarly, the global aggregates market is 25 billion to 35 billion tons, and is estimated to grow to about 50 billion tons by 2030. If carbon is used as an input and replace- ment for calcium carbonate, the Global CO2 Initiative estimates the associated emissions reduction potential in the construction materials sector could be in the range of 1 billion to 10 billion tons by 2030 (see Appendix A).15 Technologies to develop new structural materials from captured carbon, such as carbon fibers, are also in development. One of the most significant challenges of utilizing CO2 is that it is a very low-energy molecule. For most applications, a form of energy (either thermal, chemi- cal, or electrical) has to be added to convert CO2 into a different molecule to form fuels and chemicals. In contrast, carbonates are even lower-energy than CO2, which minimizes the energy needed to form them. When CO2 is incorporated into the production of cement and aggregate (and thus concrete), forming carbonates, it is not necessary to add energy to overcome thermody- namic constraints. This is important because the energy required to make large volumes of material could be extremely expensive, rendering the materials non-cost- competitive and potentially less beneficial to greenhouse gas reduction efforts.16 One way that CO2 can be incorporated into building materials involves formation of a carbonate coating on small solid materials, as illustrated in Figure 4. In order to form carbonate-based solids, the negatively charged carbonate ions must be balanced by positively charged ions. For cement and aggregate, those ions are most com- monly either calcium or magnesium. Unfortunately, ionic calcium and magnesium are not widely available in easily accessible forms. Possible sources include seawater, volcanic rocks, slags and other alkaline industrial wastes, though each of these is chal- lenged by the need for proximity to a CO2 source in or- der to be economic. Development of methods to produce reliable, sustainable, low-cost calcium and magnesium is an area of active research. Another way that CO2 can be used in construction materials is referred to as direct utilization or adding CO2 to concrete during curing. This reduces the amount of cement required to produce equivalent-strength concrete, reducing emissions from cement production FIGURE 4. Formation of aggregates using carbonate coatings and waste CO2 0% Coating 50% Coating >100% Coating 44% (by mass) of the CaCO3 coating is CO2 Source: Blue Planet http://www.blueplanet-ltd.com/ CARBON UTILIZATION—A VITAL AND EFFECTIVE PATHWAY FOR DECARBONIZATION 9PDF Image | Carbon Utilization
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