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in addition to the CO2 incorporated into the concrete. The company Carbon Cure has applied this approach to over 100 conventional, Portland Cement-based ready-mix concrete plants in the United State and Canada. CO2 is injected into the concrete mix, and as the concrete cures, the CO2 is permanently mineralized, as illustrated in Figure 5.17 Solidia Technologies uses a cement that contains more silica-rich materials than conventional Portland Cement. This unconventional cement binds with more CO2 during curing and can be used to make low-carbon, high-strength, pre-cast materials. The technology has been demonstrated at pilot scale and is anticipated to be ready for commercialization soon. Current research and pilot projects associated with direct utilization focuses on increasing the amount of CO2 absorbed while still maintaining concrete product standards. The existence of prescriptive standards, such as those of ASTM International (formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials), represents a significant challenge for advancing the use of CO2- based construction materials. ASTM standards, for example, narrowly define a variety of parameters/ characteristics including setting times and compressive strength for Portland Cement-sand mixtures, and the specific amounts of ground limestone and inert extender that can be blended with cement, among many others. If CO2-based construction materials do not match those FIGURE 5: CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process NOTE: Process consists of a) water added to cement leading to dissolution; b) CO2 introduced and enters solution; c) solid phase calcium carbonate (CaCO3) formed; d) normal cement hydration with CaCO3 acting as a nucleating agent Source: Adapted from Monkman http://nas-sites.org/dels/files/2018/02/MonkmanNASEM-Webinar-CarbonCure_180118-export.pdf 10 Center for Climate and Energy SolutionsPDF Image | Carbon Utilization
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