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separates oxygen from nitrogen in an air separation unit (ASU) that includes compressors, expanders, heat exchangers and distillation columns; (2) fires the combustion process with nearly pure oxygen, producing a gaseous CO2 and H2O product (plus impurities); (3) recirculates a fraction of the CO2 to manage the temperatures and heat loads in the boiler; (4) condenses the water in the exit gas to produce a nearly pure CO2 product; and (5) compresses the resulting CO2 stream to nominally 100 bar. The steps that consume the greatest energy appear in the top of Figure 2. By comparison, the CCC process deals with a slightly lower volumetric flow rate of gases leaving the combustor on a dry basis compared to the dry volumetric flow rate of air entering the combustor with which the oxyfiring system deals. More significantly, the lowest temperatures in the CCC process range from -211 °F (-135 °C) to - 184 °F (-120 °C), depending on desired capture efficiency. By comparison, the lowest temperatures in the ASU are about -328 °F (-200 °C), leading to higher losses in the cooling cycles, requiring more energy for cooling, and constraining quite severely suitable materials of construction. More significantly still, the CCC process compresses a solid/liquid CO2 stream whereas the oxyfiring process compresses a gaseous CO2 stream, both from nominally atmospheric pressure to about 100 atm. Solids and liquid compression requires a very small fraction of the energy required for gaseous compression. Finally and most significantly, the CCC separates solid CO2 from nitrogen, a far less capital and energy intensive task than separating oxygen from nitrogen. The distillation stages in an air separation unit and the associated gas compression and cooling represent the most energy intensive portion of an ASU. Figure2 Comparisonoftheprimaryenergydemandsinanair-separation-basedunitandinthecryogeniccarboncapture process. As indicated later, the oxyfiring process has about the same energy and cost performance as the alternative (mostly solvent-based) processes. The solvent-based systems differ in more significant ways from the CCC process and the systems do lend themselves to step-by-step comparisons. However, the CCC process also handily outperforms the solvent-based systems, primarily because the solvent-based systems require a large mass of solvent to be cyclically heated and cooled (or in some cases pressurized and depressurized) to produce a comparatively small amount of CO2. The energy invested in the cyclical heating and cooling represents a major entropy source and hence energy sink in the process. SuchPDF Image | CC Pittsburgh Coal Conference
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