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cyclical and energy-intensive steps that involve the same materials generally represent the largest energy sinks in all of these processes. The analog in oxyfiring is the reflux in the distillation columns. By comparison, there are no materials in the CCC process that cyclically change temperature, pressure or phase. The flue gas heating and cooling always involves new flue gas. In this sense, aside from losses in compression, expansion, and heat exchange, this process consumes no energy other than that required for the phase change and separation. That is, the CCC process has no embedded cycles that primarily produce energy. ANCILLARY ADVANTAGES In addition to the cost and energy efficiency advantages, the CCC process enjoys several ancillary benefits, including leveraging of existing capital investments, pollutant control, water savings, and potential energy storage. Each of these are discussed below, followed by some quantitative estimates of the costs of the CCC process. Retrofit Technology This CCC process can be installed either as a bolt-on retrofit technology or as an integrated technology. The bolt-on option makes this technology highly attractive for existing assets and for permitting new assets. In this configuration, essentially no changes to the existing facility are required. The flue gas is intercepted prior to the stack and flows through this process without modification of upstream systems. The only major requirement is that enough footprint is available for the new equipment (compressors and turbines). Retrofitting existing plants leverages existing capital investments, improving project economics markedly. The economics of carbon capture processes that require new plant construction or significant alteration of existing plants often are dominated by the levelized plant capital costs, that is, the levelized capital expenses for the new/modified plant exceed all other costs. If permitting costs and construction costs and delays are also incurred, the new/modified plant becomes by far the largest cost element in the project. A retrofit technology such as CCC mitigates most of the problems and substantially reduces cost. Pollutant Control There are several compelling benefits to a fully integrated installation. The cooled, compressed gases make it possible to extract SO2, NO2, HCl, and Hg (among other things) in condensed-phase forms with efficiencies that exceed current best available control technologies. NO does not condense as readily as the previous gases and will need alternative treatment, but pressure and temperature regimes of this process offer alternative means of removing NO that may reduce costs as well. Therefore, a green-field, fully integrated plant can redirect the capital, operating cost, and footprint resources currently dedicated to SOx, NOx, and Hg control and redirect these toward the carbon capture system.PDF Image | CC Pittsburgh Coal Conference
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