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$80 $60 $40 $20 $0 Amine SC ASU SC ITM SC IGCC CCC Carbon Capture Technology Figure 4 Estimated cost per avoided ton of CO2 for a variety of processes and perturbations of these processes compared with the CCC process. Non-CCC data come from DOE reports [8, 22, 23]. The cost savings stem primarily from two areas. First, the substantially lower energy demand discussed earlier also decreases the cost of the system. Second, the equipment available for this process is relatively simple and inexpensive. While the process operates at low temperatures, they are not so low as to require special materials. Essentially all equipment are essentially commodity items produced in large numbers by existing industry, albeit the size of the equipment required for a large coal-fired power plant would meet or somewhat exceed the largest sizes routinely produced by industry. Costs of this nature are always difficult to quantify and generally can be challenged on several fronts. However, the costing estimates done here have been done conservatively and as consistently as possible with those documented for the other processes. The relative costs are perhaps more reliable than the absolute costs. TECHNICAL DETAILS Process models and detailed transport/thermodynamic analyses form the basis of the quantitative analysis presented here. The system thermodynamic performance plays a central role in this analysis and is discussed first. Following this discussion are more detailed process flow diagrams, analyses of energy storage, water conservation, criteria pollutant reduction. Thermodynamics The cool temperatures and high pressures encountered in much of this process lead to highly non-ideal thermochemical behavior, in particular as CO2 and several pollutants, especially SO2, are concerned. In the ideal approximation, CO2 mole fractions times total pressure (partial pressures) provides the same behavior as CO2 vapor pressures. That is, in ideal systems CO2 forms two phases through condensation or freezing whenever its partial pressure exceeds the vapor pressure of CO2 at the same pressure. Figure 5 illustrates the CO2 phase diagram over a broad range of temperature (linear scale) and pressure (logarithmic scale). The solid lines separate regions of solid, liquid, and vapor, with the triple point andPDF Image | CC Pittsburgh Coal Conference
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