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Energies 2021, 14, 387 11 of 32 The rich solvent comes into the stripper, where it reaches 120–140 ◦C at low pressure in order to regenerate the solution and produce a pure CO2 stream. The lean solvent supplies its heat to the rich solvent, and it is mixed with make-up MEA and water before entering the absorber column. The primary energy consumption (penalty efficiency) is attributed to the regeneration of the solvent in the stripper column [29]. Table 3 summarizes the results of new SCPC power plants, with and without a post-combustion capture system. The majority of data available for post-combustion capture plants are based on MEA solvents. Several technologies have been developed for post-combustion processes (e.g., Calcium Looping [30,31] and membrane separation [Section 3.4]). Although they offer a future reduction of capture costs, they have not yet been developed for large capture plants. Table 3. Current performance and cost estimates for post-combustion capture at SCPC power plant (values in 2013$) [21]. Performance and Cost Measurement for New SCPC with Bituminous Coal Range Plant Performance Measurement SCPC/USC reference plant net power output [MW] Emission rate w/o capture [t CO2/MWh] Emission rate with capture [t CO2/MWh] Percentage of CO2 reduction per MWh [%] Total CO2 captured or stored [Mt/y] Plant efficiency w/o capture, HHV basis [%] Plant efficiency w/capture, HHV basis [%] Efficiency penalty [%] Capture energy requirement [%more input/MWh] LCOE w/o capture [$/MWh] LCOE w/capture [$/MWh] Increase in LCOE capture only [$/MWh] Cost of CO2 captured [$/t CO2] Cost of CO2 avoided [$/t CO2] The plant with carbon capture requires about 32% of extra energy to reduce the emis- sions of CO2 by 87% compared to that without the carbon capture process. MEA technology has a higher Technology Readiness Level (i.e., TRL 9) than other post-combustion capture processes (e.g., chemical looping combustion TRL 6 and membrane polymeric TRL 6) [32]. 3.4. Post-Combustion CO2 Capture with Membrane Technology Recently, an increased interest in gas separation for hydrogen production, air separa- tion, biogas upgrading, and CO2 sequestration from flue gas has been observed. Membrane- based gas separation technology can be used for the above aims. Membranes are produced as a thick film able to separate a mix of gases when there are driven forces (pressure and molar gradients). The permeate is the gas separated from the mixture able to pass through the membrane to the low-pressure environment while the retentate is the remaining part of the original mix. Figure 7 shows the basic arrangement of this type of separation process. Concerning the CO2 separation process, membrane technology is used to upgrade biogas, increasing methane content in Natural Gas (NG) or Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG), reaching the purity established by the gas network, or as post-combustion capture to sequestrate the CO2 from fuel combustion. The membrane process shows several advantages compared to the other CO2 sepa- ration technologies: (i) no regeneration process; (ii) design without moving components; (iii) lower maintenance; (iv) high reliability [33]. On the contrary, the main drawbacks are higher energy requirements and as yet no process at a massive scale. Low High 550 1030 0.746 0.84 0.092 0.12 86 88 3.8 5.6 39 44.4 27.2 36.5 Representative Value 742 0.788 0.104 87 4.6 41.4 31.6 9.8 32 70 113 11.8 7.9 21 44 61 79 91 130 30 51 43 36 53 46 45 70 63PDF Image | Energies 14
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