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Energies 2021, 14, 387 12 of 32 Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 33 Figure 7. Gas mixture separation with membrane films. Only part of the gas mixture permeates Figure 7. Gas mixture separation with membrane films. Only part of the gas mixture permeates through the membrane, passing from the high pressure to the low-pressure side. through the membrane, passing from the high pressure to the low-pressure side. CLonwceprnoidnugctihoenCcoOs2tss,ehpigarhagtiroandipernotcpersess,smurem, ebxrcaenllentetcwhonrokloagtythies nuos-esdtretossuepngvriarodne- bmioegnat,sa,nindcrtheaespinogssmibeiltihtyantoesccoanltee-nutpianrNetahteurmalaGinabse(nNeGfit)soorfSpyonlythmeetircicNmateumrablraGnaes,(SwNhGic)h, raeraecuhisnegdtmheaipnulyriftoyregstaasbsliesphaerdatbioynthdesgpaistenethtweiorrlkim,oirteadsrpoobsut-sctonmesbs,uastgiionngcanpdtusrweetollisneg- qpuroesbtlreamtes.thTehCeOg2asfrmomovfeuselthcroomubguhsthioenp.oresofthepolymericmembranes.Theprimary mechTahneismeomf bthreangeaspsreopcaersastsiohnowprsocsesvseirsaldaisdsvolaunttiaogneosnctohmepfeaerdedsitdoetahnedodthifefursCioOn2ascerpoass- rtahteiomnetmecbhrnaonleo.gies: (i) no regeneration process; (ii) design without moving components; (iii) loPwoleyrmearinctmeneamncber;a(nives) hacigchourneltiafobriltihtye[m33a]i.nOsnhathre ocofnthtreagrylo,bthael gmaasisnedpraarwatbioanckmseamre- hbirgahnersemnaerkgeytr(e7q7.u4i6r%eminen2t0s1a5n)d[3a4s].yNeetvneortphreolecess,siantoargmanaiscsmivemscbarlaen.eswillcertainlyplay anesLsoewntipalrorodluecitniognacsossetps,arhaigtihongrpardoicenstsepsredsuseurtoe,tehxecirelsliegnntiwficoarnktlaytltohnegnero-lsifteretismsenavnid- rlonwmerenent,vainrodntmhenptoalssimibipliatcytst.oInscoarlgea-unpicamremthberamnaeisncbaennbeefitmsaodfepoflycmerearmicicm,memetbarla,naensd, carbon material and, in some cases, by a mixture of these materials. The different separating which are used mainly for gas separation despite their limited robustness, aging and or transport mechanism depends on whether the microstructure of the membrane is dense swelling problems. The gas moves through the pores of the polymeric membranes. The or porous. The primary membranes for gas separation are dense ceramic membranes, dense primary mechanism of the gas separation process is dissolution on the feed side and dif- metallic membranes, and microporous membranes. fusion across the membrane. Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) consist of a continuous polymeric matrix in which Polymeric membranes account for the main share of the global gas separation mem- nanoparticles of inorganic materials are immersed. They are considered new generation branes market (77.46% in 2015) [34]. Nevertheless, inorganic membranes will certainly membranes for gas separation, combining the characteristics of polymer and mineral fillers. play an essential role in gas separation processes due to their significantly longer lifetime The incorporated inorganic material, such as zeolites, silica particles and Metal-Organic and lower environmental impacts. Inorganic membranes can be made of ceramic, metal, Framework (MOF), is added to improve the properties of the polymers [35]. and carbon material and, in some cases, by a mixture of these materials. The different The performance indicators depend on the dominant mechanism of gas permeation separating or transport mechanism depends on whether the microstructure of the mem- through the membrane. Nevertheless, permeability and selectivity are common for evalu- brane is dense or porous. The primary membranes for gas separation are dense ceramic ating membrane separation, and they are the main performance indicators. membranes, dense metallic membranes, and microporous membranes. Permeance is the most common parameter used in the membrane industry, and Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) consist of a continuous polymeric matrix in it is defined as the rate at which gas moves through the membrane under a stan- which nanoparticles of inorganic materials are immersed. They are considered new gen- dard pressure driving force. It is frequently measured as a Gas Permeation Unit eration membranes forgas separation, combining the characteristics of polymer and min- GPU = 10−6 cm3STP/ cm2scmHg . Instead, the permeability is the permeance multi- eral fillers. The incorporated inorganic material, such as zeolites, silica particles and Metal- plied by membrane thickness, and it shows the intrinsic property of the gas to pass through Organic Framework (MOF), is added to improve the properties of the polymers [35]. the membrane and corresponds to the productivity of the membrane separation stage. It is The performance indicators depend on the dominant mechanism of gas permeation also measured in barrer = 10−10 cm3STPcm/cm2scmHg. through the membrane. Nevertheless, permeability and selectivity are common for eval- The ability of a membrane to separate a target gaseous component from a mixture uating membrane separation, and they are the main performance indicators. of two gases (i and j) is called selectivity or separation factor. It is an essential feature Permeance is the most common parameter used in the membrane industry, and it is for separation applications, and it represents the efficiency of the membrane separation defined as the rate at which gas moves through the membrane under a standard pressure stage. Selectivity is measured by considering the molar fraction of single component on driving force. It is frequently measured as a Gas Permeation Unit = the permeate (y) side over that on the feed (x) side: 10 cm ⁄cmscmHg. Instead, the permeability is the permeance multiplied by mem- brane thickness, and it shows the intrinsic property of the gas to pass through the mem- α , = yi/yj (7) brane and corresponds to the productivity of the membrane separation stage. It is also i j xi/xj measured in = 10 cm cm⁄cmscmHg. 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