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Energies 2021, 14, 387 23 of 32 Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 24 of 33 12 10 8 6 11.6 4 3.1 2 0 1.5 5.8 1 2 5 10 Numbers of wells Figure 14. CO2 storage cost at different numbers of wells when a combined method that includes Figure 14. CO2 storage cost at different numbers of wells when a combined method that includes CO2 replacement and depressurisation of the NGH reservoir is applied to produce methane. CO2 replacement and depressurisation of the NGH reservoir is applied to produce methane. Increasing the number of wells, the revenue derived from methane’s sale goes up Increasing the number of wells, the revenue derived from methane’s sale goes up because the methane production increases. Simultaneously, the amount of carbon dioxide because the methane production increases. Simultaneously, the amount of carbon dioxide that replaces the methane and is sequestrated as hydrate increases. As a result, the CO2 that replaces the methane and is sequestrated as hydrate increases. As a result, the CO2 storage cost drops from 11.6 $/t to 5.8 $/t when the wells’ numbers pass from one to two, storage cost drops from 11.6 $/t to 5.8 $/t when the wells’ numbers pass from one to two, respectively. The minimum CO2 storage cost was obtained with ten wells, but there are no respectively. The minimum CO2 storage cost was obtained with ten wells, but there are manuscripts that report many such wells working simultaneously to produce methane in no manuscripts that report many such wells working simultaneously to produce methane the NGH reservoir. Therefore, the CO2 storage cost in NGH with two wells might be the in the NGH reservoir. Therefore, the CO2 storage cost in NGH with two wells might be representative value to compare this solution with the other possible storage sites. the representative value to compare this solution with the other possible storage sites. Costs for geological storage are widely variable due to different reservoir types (e.g., Costs for geological storage are widely variable due to different reservoir types (e.g., onshore, offshore, depleted field, deep saline formation) and reservoir geology (e.g., depth, onshore, offshore, depleted field, deep saline formation) and reservoir geology (e.g., permeability). Therefore, storage cost is reported as a range, and the data are provided by depth, permeability). Therefore, storage cost is reported as a range, and the data are pro- different literature. vided by different literature. 5.3. Methane Upgrade with Membrane-Based Separation Technology woPrukr.ification and quality upgrade are necessary to use several natural gas reservoirs at low meNthatnueraclognacseinstcroantisoindearsedwaelhlealspsfuevlberaidlgperofuceslstoesdaercereansoeuggrheetnohcoaursbeognacsoenmviesrssiions.and PuSrNifiGcaptironduanctdioqnu.aFliotrytuhpisgpraudrepoarse,nmeceemssbaraynteotuescehnseovloegrayl insaatpupralilegdastoresseepravroaitres CatHlowfrom 4 maetmhainxetucroenocfegnatrsaetsiocnomaspwoseelldabsyseCvOera,lCpHroc,eNsse,sHarOe,eannodughheatovycahrybdornocoanrbvoenrsi.on and 2422 SNG prCoodmucmtionl.yFoursethdisgplausrspyopsoe,lymeemrsbrfoanr egatescshenpoalroagtyioins aprepplieodlytiomsiedpeasr(aPteI),CpHo4lyfrsoumlfone am(PiSxFtu),repolfygcasrebsocnoamtepso(sPeCd)b,ywChiOle2,tCheHm4,Nai2n,lHy2uOs,eadnrduhbebaevrymheymdrborcaanrebsoanrse. polyurethane (PUC)oamndmpoonlyduimseedthgylalsislyoxpaonlyem(PeDrsMfoSr).gAams soenpgarthateioPnI paroelypmoleyrism, Midaetsri(mPIi)d, pmoelymsburlafonnees are (PtShFe),mposlyt cinartebroensatitnesg;(PitCis),inwflheixleibtlhee, smtraoinglyaunsdedprreusbenbtesr amCeOmbpraenremsearbeilpitoylyouf r1e2t.h7abnaerrer 2 (PaUn)danCdOp/oClyHdimidetehayl lseiloecxtainveity(PnDeMarSt)o. A40m, aotn2g0tbhaerP[I61p]o. lymers, Matrimid membranes 24 5.3. Methane Upgrade with Membrane-Based Separation Technology Concerning the CO2 separation process, membrane technology is used to upgrade bio- gasC,oincreransiingtmhetChaOn2esceopnatreantitoonnpNroGc/esSsN, mG,ermeabcrhaninegtethchenpoulroigtyfiisxeudsebdytaoguapsgnreatdweork. biogas,NinactureraslignagsmisectohnansiedceorendteantheolnpfNuGl b/SriNdGge, frueaecl htoindgetchreapsue rgitryeefnixheodusbeygaasgaesmnisesti-ons. are thePmSFosmteinmtebreasnteinsga;reitpisroidnuflceexdibilne,thstreoenwgaynsd(apsryemsemntestraicC,dOe2npse,rmanedabciolimtyposfi1te2).,7and batrhreyrahnadveCCOO2/CHan4didCeHalseplercmtiveiatbyinlietyarotfo1420.3,3ata2n0db4a.r69[6,1re].spectively,whiletheCO/CH 24 24 selePcStFivmiteymisberaqnueasl atroe3p.3ro7d[u62ce].dCinartbhorenedwioaxyisd(easyemqumeestriact,idoenniser, ealnedvacnomt npowsiated)a, yans,dand thPeyDhMaSvemCeOm2barnadneCsHpo4 spsersms eaxbciellilteynotfC1O2.33pearnmde4a.b69il,itrye,shpiegchtivtheelyr,mwahl islteabthileitCy,Oa2n/CdHa4low 2 serleactetivoiftyagisinegq.ual to 3.37 [62]. Carbon dioxide sequestration is relevant nowadays, and PDMS Amlesmo,btrhaenmesixpeodssmesasterxixcemllenmtbCrOan2epiesrmuseadbitloityu,phgirgahdtehneramtuarlasltgaabsil.itGy,rapnhdeaneloowxide ra(tGeOof)ahgaisngb.eenincorporatedintothepolyethyleneoxidematrix(PEO)forsustainableCO2 capture obtaining mechanical properties improvement. Permeability is enhanced by taking advantage of increased fractional free volume. As the GO contents increase from 0 to CO2 storage cost [$/t]PDF Image | Energies 14
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