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Energies 2021, 14, 387 Figure 17. Total cost of CCS chain for several pipeline length, subdivided into the three compo- 27 of 32 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Cost of CCS [$/tCO2] nents: capture, transportation, and storage in NGH. For the transportation cost was used a mean value while for the storage cost in NGH reservoir was assumed two wells. The whole pathway of CO2 is shown in Figure 18. The exhaust gas coming from a The whole pathway of CO2 is shown in Figure 18. The exhaust gas coming from a carbon-intensive plant is pre-treated into a CO2 separation unit. The best performance carbon-intensive plant is pre-treated into a CO2 separation unit. The best performance technologies are the MEA process and the membrane capture process. The CO2 captured technologies are the MEA process and the membrane capture process. The CO2 captured is is sent to the NGH reservoir through the pipeline transportation system, both onshore and sent to the NGH reservoir through the pipeline transportation system, both onshore and offshore. The CO2 transported before is injected into the NGH reservoir, thermodynamic offshore. The CO2 transported before is injected into the NGH reservoir, thermodynamic condition changes, and syngas pass from hydrate to the gas phase. The produced syngas condition changes, and syngas pass from hydrate to the gas phase. The produced syngas has to be treated in order to respect the regulations of the methane network. One of the has to be treated in order to respect the regulations of the methane network. One of best technologies to separate a gas mixture with CO2/ CH4 is also the membrane separation the best technologies to separate a gas mixture with CO2/CH4 is also the membrane technology. separation technology. Figure 18. Final CCS chain. The flue gas from industries and power plants is treated into the separation unit. The CO2 Figure 18. Final CCS chain. The flue gas from industries and power plants is treated into the separation unit. The CO2 captured is transported via pipeline to the NGH reservoir. The injection of CO2 causes a syngas production. The syngas captured is transported via pipeline to the NGH reservoir. The injection of CO2 causes a syngas production. The syngas was was purified through membrane technology, and the permeant gas-rich of CO2 will be injected another time in NGH purified through membrane technology, and the permeant gas-rich of CO2 will be injected another time in NGH reservoir. reservoir. The fuel product rich of methane is in this way a neutral carbon fuel. The fuel product rich of methane is in this way a neutral carbon fuel. 7. Conclusions 7. Conclusions This paper explores options for CO2-enhanced methane recovery from hydrates and This paper explores options for CO2-enhanced methane recovery from hydrates and clarifies the weight of each step on the overall CCS pathway. The main goal is to find the clarifies the weight of each step on the overall CCS pathway. The main goal is to find the total cost of CCS to capture, transport, and store the CO2 in the hydrate phase, replacing the natural gas produced from NGHs reservoir. A wide range of CO2 capture technologies are developed but there are only two large scale facility in operation configured to operate with MEA capture process. Several power plants equipped with different and promising carbon capture technologies have been built in order to reduce the CO2 capture cost by learning from experience and meets a sufficient abatement of the CO2 emission. We have focused our study in one innovative capture technology, reporting membrane capture technology using the PoarisTM membrane developed by MTR. The cooperation between MTR and the Department of Energy (DOE)/NETL can help this technology became cheaper. The upgrade to plant scale is already programmed and could lead to reducing the CCS cost. Successively, we have shifted the study on the CO2 transportation from source to sink. To find the cost of CO2 transportation, the NETL techno-economic model was used, resulting in optimal inner diameter and number of boost station. Pipeline transportation process is a mature technology but a new network that connect sources (i.e., power plantsPDF Image | Energies 14
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