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CARBON REMOVAL 101 28 HYBRID BIOLOGICAL/CHEMICAL CARBON REMOVAL 5. Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): Traditional biomass power generation and/or fuels production has the potential to be a net-negative CO2 emission technology when cou- pled with carbon capture and storage (CCS). In traditional, carbon-neutral bioenergy production, biomass feedstocks absorb carbon from the air and subsequently release it back into the atmosphere during the energy production process. If CCS sys- tems — which capture and sequester CO2 from the power plant in underground geologic formations or in non-degradable carbon materials (such as ce- ments, plastics, etc.) — are deployed in conjunction with bioenergy production, the carbon in the bio- mass feedstocks is prevented from escaping back Figure 8. Bioenergy + CCS Is a Suite of Technologies into the atmosphere during energy production, creating net carbon removal from the atmosphere. CCS systems coupled with bioenergy production for carbon removal are very similar to CCS systems coupled with fossil energy production for CO2 emissions abatement purposes (Figure 9). Because it is possible to combine biomass and fossil fuels at the same facility through biomass co-firing, deploy- ing fossil energy production with CCS holds the potential to help pave the way for deployment of BECCS in the future. Fossil energy with CCS can also demonstrate the geologic sequestration tech- niques that can be deployed with BECCS. Yet, by itself, fossil energy with CCS is not a carbon remov- al solution (for co-fired systems, the percentage of biomass co-fired determines whether the system removes carbon on net). BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION PROCESS FERMENTATION* { GASIFICATION COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE CO2 separation SECONDARY ENERGY PRODUCTION PROCESS OUTPUT Dedicated: Algae High-yield grasses Purpose grown trees Water-gas shift CO2 separation and pre-combustion CO2 capture Fischer-Tropsch or other process FUELS Combustion ELECTRICITY + HEAT Wastes: Forest product residues Agriculture residues Municipal solid waste OXYFUEL* CO2 separation Post-combustion CO2 capture (10%-15% from from flue gas) *Oxfuel combustion and fermentation are depicted with only a separation step because each process produces an almost pure CO2 stream as a waste product.PDF Image | Philanthropy Final Report
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